Red Army potsimikizira-amanyansidwa pafupi Moscow. Moscow Amenya Back

Underestimation cha mdani - nthawizonse chibwana ngakhale pa bwalo lampira, osanenapo nkhondo yaikulu. Pofuna kupambana pa Soviet Union mu nthawi yaifupi zotheka, kuzindikira otchedwa blitzkrieg, lamulo wapamwamba wa Nazi Germany miscalculated. The kupambana woyamba anatembenuka mutu wa Wehrmacht: asilikali German pafupi Moscow anali pafupifupi kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndipo ayenera kuti Hitler ankaganiza kuti mochenjera zichitike. Koma likulu anali amphamvu kwambiri kwa iye. Iwo unali umodzi wa iwo amene atembenuka mfundo zimene ukasintha anasintha a nkhondo ndi analipira ulendo wopambana wa German mu manyazi ndege, imene inatha ndi kudzipha wa Mfumu.

Pamene Earth imazungulira zapitazo

Kale ndewu kutopa ndi mthunzi mosalekeza wa Red Army amayenera kumva, malinga ndi Germany, kutha. Komabe, Anazi okha wotopa. Kaya zomvetsa kapena kunyamula asilikali Soviet, kulimba mtima kukana iwo kunali kosatheka. Pambuyo mantha kwa masiku loyamba la nkhondo iliyonse inchi wa dziko lakwawo, Red Army anamenyana koopsa.

Kutetezedwa amunamuna a mzindawo (monga lodziwika bwino Mogilev) - umboni bwino. Omasuka ndi amene Germany anasamukira kum'mawa, inaonekera m'njira zambiri. zomvetsa anali akulu, koma Wehrmacht ankakhulupirira kuti zokometsera wa Moscow ali mu mkhalidwe kwambiri makhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti chiyambi cha dzinja, zinadziwika kuti kutsogolo lidakali, mphamvu anamwazikana, dziko la Germany akadali anafuna kuti tiponye pafupi Moscow: ndi adani a likulu kunali kofunika osati asilikali, komanso m'maganizo.

Boma Soviet anamvetsa mavuto, ndipo n'zoonekeratu kuti lingaliro kuchita chitsanzo cha Kutuzov - kutenthelatu mzinda ndi kupereka kwa mdani - zina maganizo ankayendayenda, ndipo ndithu azitengapo. Back kumayambiriro October, panali dongosolo kuwononga Moscow Metro: siteshoni anafuna kuti afooketse, zida - kuti dismantle, magalimoto - kutenga kumbuyo. Pa October 15, General Wogwila silikhali anatengera zochita pa gulu la likulu ndi 16 koyamba (ndi kokha) sapezeka mbiri ya Moscow okwerera sitima. Mzinda zinakwawira oopsa mbiri za anthu mantha.

Analamulidwa kuwonongedwa kwa yapansi panthaka yayimitsidwa madzulo pa October 16, Stalin n'kumaonera. Nthawiyi, kutsogolo choncho komabe sanali kuyenda bwino. Iwo lipoti anatulukira achifasizimu amene anakumana mu December 1941, pafupi Moscow, ndipo zinkaoneka kuti Wehrmacht anali pafupi kutenga khama chomaliza zipangitsa chigonjetso. Ndipotu, kunapezeka ayi. Sanafune kusiya USSR aphata iliyonse kugundana. Front akutambasula zikwi makilomita, ndipo ngakhale kuti waukulu mphamvu German anali anaikira chabe kum'mawa (zoona, Europe si kwambiri anakaniza), mapeto a autumn, zinadziwika kuti impudence kugonjetsa Soviet Union analephera.

Kukonzekera kwa chaka

Nthawiyi , Union lamulo sanataye mphatso ya nthawi ndi kukonza zikuluzikulu potsimikizira-amanyansidwa wa Army Red pafupi Moscow. Ngakhale pakati pa autumn, osati zinthu zabwino kumene nkhondo kwambiri zinachitika Wamkulukulu Lamulo anapeza njira kulenga dziwe wa makamu khumi ndi kulimbikitsa kale nkhondo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chakuti magulu atsopano si kuti adziteteze, koma ndithu mwake. Anakhala mouma kwambiri, ndi akapitawo analandira malangizo omveka kukonzekera anthu ake nkhondo asokonekera.

Ndi masika zinaonekeratu kuti Wehrmacht zinachitika: mofulumira pasadakhale bogged pansi, ndipo ena akutambasula za kutsogolo, asilikali a Soviet anatha kupereka kuwononga kwambiri Nazi kukakamiza kuyiwala za chikondwerero lili pafupi ndi adani a Moscow. formations Soviet anamukwiyira omangika mu malo ankayenera kuchita. Analimbitsa lamanja ndi lamanzere flanks ya Western Front, amene ankatanthauza otsogolera mu ntchito adzaimira: mwachitsanzo, magawo oposa awiri a ndege zonse zimene zimafunika pa Moscow, amapita kuthandiza Zhukov.

Wopambana kuyamba ntchito

Zinali zofunika kudziwa pamene kuyamba potsimikizira-amanyansidwa wa Army Red pafupi Moscow, ndi Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa nkhani imeneyi lamulo Soviet anasonyezedwa talente kwambiri usilikali. Pamene iwo amati, mtsogoleri wanzeru ankhondo amene amadziwa kusankha zochita osati kudya komanso molondola. M'nyengo yozizira oyambirira, zinthu zinali sakanakhoza kukhala bwino kwambiri. Koyenera mzere wa nyumba zoteteza kulibe, ndipo lamulo yoyenera wakhala analandira (zidzakuyenderani, koma pa December 8, pamene asilikali amanyansidwa pafupi Moscow unatenga masiku atatu, ndi nthawi yamtengo wapatali anali kusochera).

Pansi pa dongosolo la ntchito ku Western Front anali kupereka mndandanda wa nkhonya kuponya kumbuyo mdani pa lamanja ndi lamanzere (malangizo a Solnechnogorsk, Istra, Klin, Bogoroditsk ndi mayunitsi).

The mankhwala a Southwestern Front anasiya pa dace, ndipo ngati bwino, kukhala mu Orel. Kutsogolo lachitatu nawo opareshoni, - Kalininskij - analandira nkhondowo ntchito kusuntha kwa ndi kuthetsa Mikulino Turginovo chiyembekezo chikuchititsa mizere mdani.

Air Force Vuto yovuta: pa dzanja limodzi, kuthandiza counteroffensive Soviet pafupi Moscow, pa zina - kuteteza likulu ku mabomba amene bwino kwa anthu pa tsiku loyamba la nkhondo. Ndegeyo anapatsidwa ngati zinthu zofunika nzeru. Nthawi zambiri, BBC unachita kwambiri opareshoni, mu mbali yaikulu kudziwa zotsatira za nkhondo.

The bwino mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti kulimbitsa amadzibisa onse atatu ofunika opaleshoni, anapatsidwa patsogolo wapamwamba, wapamwamba koposa Anazi akadali unaoneka. asilikali Soviet yotsala manambala ndipo (makamaka) manja.

Kutaya gulu amanyansidwa anali ogwira zikwi mazana asanu ochepa (1.7 - achifasizimu, 1.1 - Red Army), mfuti 7,6 yekha zikwi ndi mortars ndi 13.5 zikwi Germany, 774 akasinja ndi .. 1,17 zikwi. mdani. Kudalirika anali kokha mu ndege: German ndege - 615 Soviet - 1000. Koma ngakhale mafutawo kuuluka mafutawo analipo, chifukwa oposa theka (za 53%) a ndege ya Red Army anali oyimira wakale, osati anthu kwambiri, zosintha.

Nkhonyayo waukulu akukonza ndi flanks wa German "Center". Pa nkhondo protracted iwo anali ambiri ovutika: pafupifupi onse mbali wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali a Soviet.

nkhonya zosayembekezereka

Lipenga khadi anali anadabwa: chiyambi cha potsimikizira-amanyansidwa mdani Tinadabwa wathunthu. Izo ziyenera kuti kukonzekera Menya zinachitikadi mu mobisa lotsatira, ndipo kunalibe Germany ngakhale njira kapena mwayi kuti kukazonda kunja zolinga za mlingo Soviet.

Large akatswiri asilikali - zoweta ndi achilendo - kuzindikira kuti Moscow Amenya Back makamaka kunatheka chifukwa cha chiyambi bwino a ntchito. Akukumana ndi asilikali mdani unatha, analibe nthawi anaumitsa. Kasinthidwe wa mzere kutsogolo, imene flanks mdani anali pafupifupi atazunguliridwa, anapereka mwayi wamkulu wa Red Army - ndipo anatenga mwayi.

Woyamba December 5, mu mdima predawn, anagunda Kalinin Front kugwirizana, tsiku lotsatira, mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a Western ndi Southwestern. Poyamba linalimbikitsa pang'onopang'ono anaonanso Germany anakwanitsa zoika otsutsa chabwino nkhondo iliyonse yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba. Movement angaletsedwe ndi madipoziti matalala: nzeru amachoka pa njirayo kumenyedwa, ndi mchitidwe amakhala mabvuto kwambiri. Complicating nkhani yakuti Nkhondo ya Moscow mu 1941-1942. Iyo inali yoyamba amanyansidwa wa Red Army: asilikali Soviet musanayambe tikhale ndithu zinachitikira anyamata, sangathe kutumikira monga zolowetsa.

Komabe, khamu mdani kusiya - ngakhale ndi mavuto ndiponso pa nsembe yaikulu. Pa tsiku loyamba la kumenyana zina mankhwala anali anawoloka Volga ndiponso akufuna kumbuyo mdani.

kumanga bwino

Kauntala-amanyansidwa wa Army Red pafupi Moscow anayamba mofulumira kuwonjezera mayendedwe pa tsiku lachiwiri kuchokera penipeni. 1 ndi 30 Army zinali kusunthira ndithu mofulumira motsogozedwa Klina, 20 ndizizichita mdani motsogozedwa Solnechnogorsk ndi 16 - mu Istra. Komabe bwinobwino kusuntha kwa Tula. 10 Army, mothandizidwa ndi asilikali okwera pamahatchi ndi akasinja mosayembekezeka msanga patsogolo pa Stalinogorsk.

Kukula mofulumira wabweretsa chisokonezo mu chiwerengero ndigwira wochepa wa mdani, mwakuwoneka losagonjetseka. Musayembekezere ndi kukana bwino kuti Soviet Union, Hitler sanali okonzeka kuchita mofulumira ndi molondola. Zotsatira zake zinali Moscow Amenya Back. Only 8 December kwa Mfumu, monga iwo amati, anazindikira kuti asilikali kupambana kwa mdani - chodabwitsa si nthawi zina ndi mwachisawawa, koma mosamala zinakonzedwa ndi bwino. Lamulo nambala 39, iye ndi asilikali ake wochirimika kusamukira ku kumbuyo lonse East Front.

Chifukwa cholephera zolingalira wofuna kuyitana chomwecho lodziwika bwino Russian yozizira onse, amene ngakhale Napoleon ungadziwire zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Iye amanyansidwa Herr Adolf ena chifukwa amatchedwa "msanga", kunena za mavuto chakudya, nchifukwa chake kumenyana Moscow ndipo analibe bwino. Tiponye analamula okha "South" Army, ndipo kuti ngati nyengo abwino. Koma 41st chisanu Kodi sangafikire madigiri 6 November, kuzizira anali kokha pa chiyambi cha December (anali madigiri 28 pansi pa ziro), koma monga iwo amati, Munda ndiwo chimodzimodzi kwa onse. Ndipo anali msanga kulankhula za yozizira December 5 mwanjira osati zoonadi.

M'zigwa ndi pa zitunda,

Pakali pano, pasadakhale anapitiriza, koma iye sanali wokhutitsidwa ndi mayendedwe a Supreme Likulu. Ndiye anaganiza kulipira zochepa chidwi rearguard, tiyeni nkhondo, kutenga kuthawa asilikali a ku Germany ndi chifukwa zodabwitsa mwadzidzidzi kumbuyo. mayunitsi Mobile, makamaka anapanga angapo wa makamu, kwambiri dzuwa ndi: Red Army potsimikizira-amanyansidwa pafupi Moscow, zinali zambiri bwino. Tsopano, aliyense udindo wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba osati anapuma ndi kukanidwa ake ndipo anathamangira kutsogolo, kusiya rearguard German paseri pa chuma, kumene tsoka lake kale losindikizidwa.

Kwa masiku anayi, pa 6 ndi 10 December, asilikali a Soviet anamasula pafupifupi makumi asanu midzi. A ambiri akasinja ndi mfuti, magalimoto ndi njinga zamoto anaponya kuthawa adani.

December 13 Sovinformburo potsiriza anatha kunena chinachake kosangalatsa nzika. Uthenga wabwino, ndithudi, anaukitsa makhalidwe a Red Army ndi kuuzira ndikuyembekeza anthu wamba, amene anatsatira patsogolo ake ndi bated mpweya.

The bwino kwambiri anali chigonjetso m'dera pa Kalinin, kumene 31 TH Army anatha kudula pafupifupi njira yonse uthenga wa Nazi. Pamene 30 Army ya Western Front anabwera pafupi p. Lama, dziko la Germany anathawa mumzindamo, oopa lazungulira.

Atalimbikitsidwa ndi bwino asilikali Soviet monga mdani napoddat kuti mthunzi inasanduka nyamazo ndi: pafupifupi zipangizo zonse anali m'manja mwa asilikali Soviet. December 16 Kalinin wazilamulira Red Army.

kupambana Local njira chigonjetso

Patatha mwezi chiyambi cha tingalimbanirane, January 7, 1942, kugwirizana Kalinin Front anabwera Rzhev, Selizharovo ndi dzino potenga malo oonekera kumpoto kwa mavuto a German gulu "Center".

Bwinobwino zochitika za Western Front, amene kugonjetsa kukana, ndipo nthawizina woopsa kwambiri, akupitirizabe kupitabe patsogolo. December 12 anamasulidwa Solnechnogorsk, 15 - mphero, 20 - Volokolamsk.

The makhalidwe a kuthawa zambiri masamba kwambiri wolakalakika. Zikuoneka kuti sikunapite pachabe, December 16, Hitler kuti kunali koyenera kuti ndizipeza yake lamulo nambala 39 unalonga musapembedze Satana kuteteza ndi "aliuma zinafuna" kugwira zivute zitani ndi zina zotero D..

ngati kuti achite, kapena Germany anazindikira kulakwa kwawo, koma anakwanitsa kupeza kufalikira malire achilengedwe a mitsinje Lama ndi Ruza. zoyesayesa alephera kuthetsa kukana. The Red Army anali kukhala kumeneko ndi kupeza kufalikira malo anagonjetsa.

Zigaŵenga zankhondo anali thandizo lalikulu, popanda zomwe chigonjetso cha Moscow angapatsidwe chimalemera kwambiri. Iwo anaukira kuthawa mbali Nazi, kuononga malo German, anachititsa reconnaissance, kupeza mfundo zothandiza.

Pa mapiko kumanzere kwa Western Front, asilikali anayamba zikuluzikulu tiponye malangizo a Kaluga - ndi zoyendera likulu lalikulu. Zikuonekeratu kuti zimenezi zotsatira sankasangalala ndi dziko la Germany. Lamulo "Center" Anagwirizana kuti apeze kufalikira pa Oka ndi kugwira mzere pa ndalama zonse, monga, ndithudi, nawuza Fuehrer ankakonda.

Yomenyera utakhala

Zhukov kudziŵa bwino zimene zidzachitika, kotero analamula kuti titsatire mdani, osalola iye kupuma ndi kukhala ndi kufalikira. M'kupita kwa nkhondowo ntchito 49 Army, kugonjetsa kulimbikira wa Nazi anatenga Tarusa pa 19 December. Iwo anakwanitsa osati kamodzi - ngakhale kuti mwadzidzidzi kugunda kumbuyo.

Pakali pano, 50 tili Army anapita patsogolo Kaluga. MwaukadauloZida gulu mafoni anathyola mu mzinda ngakhale pa December 21, koma Germany ndi sitinabadwe dzulo. masiku asanu ndi anayi patangopita, pa December 30, Kaluga linatulutsidwa ichitikire ndi magulu 49 ndi 50 tili.

Ndi January 8 anamasulidwa Kozelsk, Belev, Meshchovsk ndi mazana a midzi ina ing'onoing'ono. Red Army mayunitsi mopanda mantha kuwoloka Oka. Nkhondo ya Moscow (1942) anali yayenda bwino. Komabe, pali anali zaka ndi zaka za nkhondo.

Musati kusiya esprit de A Corps asilikali amene anamenya mu magulu ankhondo a Southwestern Front. masiku khumi pambuyo chiyambi cha ntchito, iwo patsogolo makilomita zana kumadzulo, anafika gombe la mtsinje. Kshen, nalanda mazana a mayunitsi zida zankhondo za mdani. Pafupifupi mazana anai m'matauni ndi m'midzi (kuphatikizapo dace ndi Efremov), kuchotsa imene lapansi.

Inde, Germany anali sinditi mudzipereke. Komabe, pa December 26, adasiya Naro-Fominsk, 28 TH - Balabanovo, Jan. 2 - Maloyaroslavets, ndi 4-go- Borovsk.

Zotsatira zake ndi kufunika nkhondo

Ndi January 8, 1942 Nkhondo ya Moscow Mwachidule, wakhala anapambana, ndipo anapambana kwakukuru. Asilikali anafika kumalire Selizharovo - Ruza - Mtsensk Germany ndipo anaponya avareji 200 Km from Moscow. Chifukwa cha ntchito atamasulidwa zoposa zikwi midzi chilengedwe wakhala zosatheka Tula. Kwa mwezi, imene inatenga nkhondo ya Moscow, dziko la Germany anataya katundu yaikulu - pafupifupi mazana awiri zikwi ogwira (168 zikwi yekha. Magulu Ground). akasinja 11 magulu oposa makumi awiri oyenda sanathyoledwe.

Mkhalidwe zofunika bwino anali kugwirizana wabwino wa amadzibisa atatu ndi thandizo ndege - ndiye lamulo yasonyeza talente ndi maphunziro abwino kwambiri.

asilikali Soviet zinadziwika kwambiri kuti mphekesera za "invincibility" wa asilikali a Hitler, amene waika pa mawondo ake pafupifupi onse a ku Ulaya, osapitirira nthano chabe. Kuti akasinja German "kuwotcha kwa moyo wokoma," ndipo asilikali amatha abwerere ku "zoyamikika" liwiro.

Ndithudi, kunali kofunika kwambiri kuti mdani sanathe analanda la bomalo. Moscow panthawi ya nkhondo (osati) sanali mzinda, komanso chizindikiro cha kulimbikira kwa boma la Soviet.

The kupambana kwa asilikali a Soviet amakakamizidwa zambiri ogwirizana yogwira wa USSR. Lolani kutsogolo chachiwiri linatsegulidwa yekha mu 1944, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti ndi zoona kunena kuti thandizo luso ndi zina zinali zosafunika.

Othandiza angathe ya ulamuliro wa Hitler la kugonjetsedwa Hitler pafupi Moscow M'malo mwake, kukakamizidwa kuti ayime akuyembekezerabe: Mwachitsanzo, ena amanena amati Turkey ndi Japan mu nkhani ya adani a Moscow anali wokonzeka poyera agwirizane nkhondo yolimbana Soviet Union. Pambuyo onongani kulephera zomwe zowawa Germany ogwirizana sioneka kubisala ankaona kupewa kuchitapo kanthu.

Mtengo wa kauntala-amanyansidwa sitingalephere kukambapo: Choyamba, koyamba zikuluzikulu amanyansidwa wa Red Army. Kuyambira mfundo oonekera ndi maganizo view zinali yojambula chachikulu. Akatswiri ambiri ankhondo ndikukhulupirira kuti izo zinali nkhondo ya Moscow mwachidule koma umapereka adzatchedwa "zinasintha a nkhondo," womwe anakonzeratu zotsatira zake. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m'dzikoli anaonekera chiyembekezo lomaliza.

Koma ambiri Chofunika, chigonjetso cha chikhulupiriro anaika mu mitima ya asilikali okha. Ataona kuti akhoza kwenikweni kukana Germany. Osati kugwira udindo, ndi kupambana m'madera otaika.