Egypt, Thebes: history, zowoneka, zithunzi

Thebes - ndi mzinda wakale Upper Egypt, pafupi Luxor ano. Aigupto akale otchedwa likulu lawo "Kutenga ndi," kutanthauza "ulamuliro" ( "kugonjetsa mzinda"), koma Agiriki icho chinali kutchedwa "Fivei" kapena "Thebes" (osati kusokonezedwa ndi Thebes ku Greece). Homer akutchula "stovratnye Thebes". Nyumba (El Uksur) amanenela Aluya. Ancient Thebans okha malemba awo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kwawo "Niut" imene kutanthauza "mzinda".

Kutchula koyamba

Pamene panali mzinda wa Thebes (Egypt)? Nkhani ya ake akubwerera zaka. malemba zokhudza TH III. BC. e. kukhalabe kutchula koyamba za mzinda. The oyamba a ulamuliro wa Farao Menkaure (Menkaure), amene anakhala pafupi BC XXVI atumwi. e. Koma wotukuka wa mzinda yoyamba m'mbiri yaitali.

Likulu la Culture wa Amon

Mu BC XXI atumwi. e. Thebes pogwirizanitsa dziko ndi kukhala likulu la Egypt, Koma nthawi yochepa. Izi zinachitika panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mafumu XI wa Ufumu Middle. Mu nthawi iyi, mzinda anayamba kumanga yogwira mafumu yaikulu tiakachisi wakufayo ndi milungu. Amun, mulungu m'deralo, anapeza udindo wa boma. malo achipembedzo ndi andale a maulamuliro onse anayamba Thebes. Ndi boma amachitira dera lalikulu la Sudan ano. Border anafika Libya kumadzulo. Ngakhale ambiri a Farao pa kumanga mzinda watsogolera mbali yaikulu ya chuma cha Iguputo ndipo katundu wambiri ake akunja. Cultural mzinda wa Amun wa Thebes anali Mwiguputo. Panali anamanga mwa kulemekeza mulungu wakale wa makachisi akuluakulu.

Center lateokalaseli boma ndi chipani kumene kumakhala Amonke

Pambuyo pa chitsitsimutso cha mzinda wa Memphis, omwe anakhala likulu la Igupto cha m'ma XIV. BC. e., ndi Thebes (Egypt) anapitiriza udindo waukulu pakati chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe cha dziko, ngakhale zaka zambiri, mpaka nthawi ya Aroma. Pa chiyambi Ine Zakachikwi BC Ndi likulu la boma Mulungu, amene analengedwa kum'mwera kwa Egypt, ansembe a Amun pambuyo kugwa kwa Ufumu Chatsopano. Zinachitika zipolowe awiri (choyamba - mu zaka 205-199, ndiye -. Mu 199-186 BCE ...) Wotsutsa Tolemi, Agiriki mafumu. Ndi kufala kwa Chikristu m'zaka AD choyamba. e. Thebes m'dera ndi limodzi mwa madera waukulu wa m'gululi kumene kumakhala Amonke.

mzindawo pa magombe awiri a Nile

Aroma inawonongedwa, anagwetsa ndi kulanda katundu nyumba zambiri Thebes. asayansi okha ndi ofukula ku Maapatimenti wa Napoleon anakwanitsa kamodzinso kudzutsa mzinda ku tulo ake. Thebes mu masiku amakedzana ili pa magombe awiri a Nile: kum'mawa, ndi kumadzulo. Timauza woyamba za kum'mawa.

Likulu lakale la Egypt, kum'mawa, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje lidagawikana pawiri njira: kum'mwera kwa mzinda Luxor anakula, kumpoto kuli mudzi wa Karnak. Tsidya lino la mtsinje panali awiri zazikulu kachisi - Luxor (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) ndi Karnak, omwe unali olumikizidwa Avenue wa Sphinxes.

Ndi nyumba yolemekezeka wamataya, komanso nyumba zachifumu, nyanja yokumba minda mitengo osowa adjoined chachikulu kachisi maofesi. Gilt singano zipilala, ukanakhala ziboliboli ya mafumu, pamwamba pa nsanja kachisi, pylons anavutika mu lapis lazuli kumwamba. Zenera mipata olemera nyumba, alimbane ndi matailosi wobiriwira ndi miyala ya nofeki faience, peeped mwa zobiriwira kanjedza, nkhuyu ndi bwemba. Khungu, mitsempha ya vinyo, lapis lazuli, kotero wokondedwa Aigupto, zosemasema wabweretsedwa kuno anagonjetsa anthu a ku Siriya. Ku Africa anabwera makamu ndi nkalati, minyanga ya njovu, golidi ndi zonunkhira.

Kumadzulo gombe la Nile anali okhala mfumu, komanso necropolis yaikulu, limene lili mu Bwalo la maseŵera a miyala. Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi udachitikira Western (Dehenet), lomwe tsopano limatchedwa "El-Qurna." Meretseger - wamkazi-njoka ( "kukoma chete"), Lady pa phiri - kuteteza mtendere wa akufa. Iye kulondera, malinga ndi nthano, sikuti inali ku chigwa cha Queens ndi Valley la Mafumu m'manda, komanso manda a anthu olemekezeka ndi nzika wamba. Ngati inu muti mupite pano pa ulendo, ndi bwino kubweretsa pamodzi chipewa, nsapato zabwino ndi kamera. Gwiritsani ntchito camcorder pamene kuyendera Valley Farao ndikoletsedwa.

Valley Farao (Valley la Mafumu)

Valley la Mafumu wotchuka Thebes (Egypt). Photos Sizingathe kusonyeza onse a ulemerero wake, asungidwa mu gawo lero. Patroness wa Valley la Mafumu, monga tanena kale, anali mulungu meretseger. Awa ndi malo osankhidwa Farao Thutmose I (a Mafumu XXVI) maliro m'tsogolo. Iye, pamodzi ndi Ineni, bwalo wamanga, ankaganiza kuti m'manda mu miyala kuposa piramidi, lotseguka maso onse, kutetezedwa wakubayu. Kuti atchule alenje kwambiri zosokoneza phindu, kuchokera m'manda a akufa anaikidwa m'kachisi. Mu Valley Farao ili 42 m'manda. Awa, pafupifupi onse a Farao. Mosiyana ndi olamulira wa Ufumu Old, amene likulu anali pa Memphis, Thebes Farao wa nyengo ya Ufumu yatsopano ya mapiramidi chosamanga. M'manda analaswa mu thanthwe. Iwo phedzi mba funa kubisalira maso kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi monga bwinobwino ngati nkotheka. miyala ikuluikulu wodzazidwa pansuwo wa ndumbi, immured iwo. Koma zidule awa akhoza kupulumutsa iwo ku chitayiko.

fomu iyi m'manda kwa zaka 500 wofanana ndi bwino pang'ono chabe. manda onse anamangidwa ku chimodzimodzi. Mumbali kulowera ndi kutalika mamita 200, anachita mu laimu phiri. Iye anapita steeply pansi kuti akuya mamita 100. Kumapeto kwa kulowera panali 3 kapena 4 pa chipindacho. The kudenga ndi makoma a zipinda ndi makonde yokutidwa ndi zojambula akuda, amene lero simunataye kuwala. Amanena za zochita ndi moyo wa womwalirayo. Chinsinsi kugwa zitseko zinachititsa kuti chipinda kumanda. n'chodabwitsa zadothi ndi mapiri pakhomo waukulu asadziwike.

Kuchokera wapezeka mpaka lero zosaiwalika 64 m'manda manda Amenhotep II, Thutmoses III, Horemheb, Tut, Network Ine, Rasesa Ine, Merenptaha ndi ena. Pafupifupi onsewo kalelo anabedwa. Only manda a Tutankhamun mu 1922, anapezeka kwathunthu liziyenda ndi Howard Carter, katswiriyo British. Tutankhamun anamwalira ali ndi zaka 19 ndipo sanali mbiri yakale kwambiri farao koma m'manda linadzaza ndi zokongoletsera, golide ndi chuma zosiyanasiyana.

Valley wa mfumukazi ya

Thebes (Egypt) - sikuti Valley ya Mafumu. Ambiri maliro ena angapezeke mu gawo la mzinda. Mwachitsanzo, apa ndi Valley ya Queens. Kuyenera anati osati mfumukazi anakwiriridwa m'chigwachi. Apa ndi wotsalawo, kupatulapo amayi ndi akazi Farao ndi akalonga Aiguputo amene anafa oyambirira. Ofukula mu necropolis izi aona 70 m'manda. Iwo akutikumbutsa awo maonekedwe m'manda kunja kwa Valley wa Farao, koma kukula penapake ang'onoang'ono.

The likulu lakale la Egypt, Thebes - ndi malo kumene inu mukhoza kuwona utoto manda a Nefertari, mkazi wa Ramses II. kumanda Ichi ndi chidwi kwambiri. mpanda wake zojambula ku makoma kwa denga, zikusonyeza "Buku la Anthu Akufa." Thupi kupangidwa ngati nyenyezi, zingasokoneze chipinda m'manda. Izi manda pambuyo kubwezeretsa (mu 1995) linatsegulidwa kachiwiri kwa anthu. Komabe, mwayi kuno yochepa: m'magulu a anthu 10 analola alendo ndi mphindi 10 zokha. anthu 150 okha ndi nthawi yophunzira kwa tsiku.

Zojambulazo kukometsera mpanda wa manda a ana a Ramses III, ndipo Khaemweset Amenherhepeshefa, imfa oyambirira. Utoto khoma kupenta chowala ndi wambiri, ngakhale lero utoto yekha zithunzi izi.

Valley olemekezeka (olemekezeka Valley)

A zambiri misewu wakale angapezeke mu dziko monga Egypt. Thebes - yotero. Iwo anali osati m'manda a ambiri a Farao ndi akazi awo. Komanso, ogwira ambiri anakwiriridwa pano, olemekezeka aakulu ndi ansembe amene ankafuna kukhala atafa pafupi ndi olamulira awo. M'manda otchuka awo kupanga Valley - necropolis yaikulu inali pamodzi pamalo otsetsereka a kum'mawa kwa mapiri. Amakhala mu mfundo ya manda 5 limene yagawidwa padziko zosiyanasiyana miyala El-Tarif, eli-Khokha, Kurnet YAKOBO murey, Asasif, Dra Abu El-mtundu wa Chinaga ndipo Sheikh Abd El-Qurna.

Ambiri manda awa kwa Thebes (Egypt) kunayamba ulamuliro wa Farao kuti, wokwatibwa ndi achepetse XVIII ndi XIX. Ngakhale ufumu wakale a manda woyamba Valley. Apa anakwiriridwa mu normahov Theban Middle Ufumu, abwanamkubwa mwachitsanzo la Farao amene analamulira Nome Uaset. Farao XVII mafumu pa chachiwiri Transitional nthawi malo osankhidwa maliro awo Dra Abu El-Chinaga. Mafumu a necropolis Ufumu Zatsopano anagwidwa Valley ake a Mafumu, kusiya pafupifupi olemekezeka okwera kum'mawa.

Manda a anthu olemekezeka, ndithudi, anali yaikulu monga manda a Farao, amene anatchuka chifukwa Egypt (Thebes). Iwo zigwirizana kawirikawiri magawo angapo - yochepa makoma lotseguka bwalo, tiakachisi ndi kuikidwa m'chipinda, kusiya pansi. Khomo bwalo, kuyambira XIX mafumu, udaikidwa monga pylon, ndiye chimphona chipata, lomwe ndi mbali yofunika ya zomangamanga a akachisi okongola mzinda wa Thebes (Egypt), komanso midzi ina ya boma wakale. steles maliro anaikidwa pabwalo. Malo opatulika anali zifaniziro za mwini m'manda. Mortuary mwambo mwa akufa anapita apa - mavesiwo zosiyanasiyana, nsembe moyo wake mphamvu, umene ndi umodzi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu za umunthu. Grobnichnymi cones miyala kumtunda wapakamwa lapansi. Iwo immured mu makulidwe a malinga a "zipewa" dongo "carnation" -tsilindry. zisindikizo Special mbali awo akunja anali ntchito dzina la mwini manda ndi maudindo posthumous ndi dziko lapansi.

Zojambula ndi ziboliboli za pa manda wa olemekezeka amadera ankaona katswiri wa Egypt. Nthawi zambiri, mpanda wa manda a olemekezeka graced siteji ya miyoyo yawo. The lingaliro lalikulu la zojambula awa anali chithunzithunzi cha zinthu zikuluzikulu m'moyo wa fuko lomveka ndi bwino, amene anatha kukwaniritsa. Ichi chidachitika osati kwa kudzitamandira. Aiguputo ankakhulupirira kuti zonse zimene analandidwa pa makoma a kumanda, adzakhululukidwa atazunguliridwa ndi akufa mu nthaka ndi kubweretsa chimwemwe. Kumanda chidwi kwambiri inali mu necropolis Sheikh Abd El-Qurna. Pa makoma za ena m'manda anapeza zojambula zikondwelelo maliro ndi ovina ndi oimba, zithunzi bwalo, osawuka kuntchito. Pa khoma kumanzere nthawi zambiri amasonyeza moyo wa womwalirayo, ndi zina - mwambo wa maliro ake. Valley otchuka unakhala malo a manda ya anthu ambiri. Lero mwalamulo anatsegula oposa 500 m'manda.

Colossi wa Memnon

Lililonse alendo kumalire ndi zopanda moyo chipululu mchenga ndi minda ya tirigu kulandira Colossi wa Memnon mu Thebes (Egypt). Tours kuno ali otchuka kwambiri. Izi fano yaikulu m'dera Amenhotep III. Pamene awiri pansi kanjedza, amene kutalika mamita 18 inkatetezedwa khomo la kachisi wa pambuyo mortem wa Farao, sanasunge lero. Iwo anapeza zojambulajambula Agiriki, Aroma, zapakati ulamuliro wa Mfumu Hadrian. colossi izi mu nthawi yake ankadziwika ndi mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa iwo pachiyambi lofalitsidwa akubuula. Iye akhapidziwa kuti kotero analandiridwa ku Aitiopiya Memnon, amene anaphedwa pa manja a Achilles pa Trojan nkhondo, mbo, mulungu wamkazi wa m'bandakucha, yemwe anali mayi ake. Pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa ikuchitika 199 AD. e. phokoso idaleka.

Ramesseum

Lekani zokopa m'deralo. Thebes (Egypt) - mzinda umene uli zambiri kupereka alendo. Mwazina - chimphona mortuary kachisi wa mulungu Amun, amene analamula yomanga Ramses II. Lero, kachisi uyu akutchedwa Ramesseum. Kupulumutsa lero mu chikhalidwe dilapidated kwambiri. Kachisi ameneyu anamumanga pa gombe mzinda kumadzulo kwa Thebes (Egypt) Penrith wamanga kalelo ndi sikelo ochuluka a kamangidwe aakulu ndi zipilala ofanana kuti zinamangidwa ndi Afarao XVIII mafumu.

Khomo gulu loyimba panopa akutumikira monga nsanja lalikulu lopangidwa sandstone. padziko chidafundidwa ndi reliefs utoto. Nkhondo ndi Ahiti Ramses II Buku pa anatsalira-ziboliboli. Bwalo woyamba ndi kunja pylon lapansi. khoma kum'mwera alinso wapakamwa nyumba ya mfumu, yomwe inali pano. Masitepe anatsogolera pabwalo chachiwiri, kumtunda woyamba. Chimphona fano Ramses, mamita 20 mkulu ndi kulemera pafupifupi wani sauzande. Tonnes, ataima pa mbali makwerero.

Phwando holo ndi mizati 16, litatenga mbali yaikulu ya nyumba yachifumu. Choncho zinali zotheka kuti ku chipinda mpando wachifumu ndi zipinda patokha mfumu. Kumbuyo yachifumu munali nyumba wamkazi. Njira ku kachisi mortuary anali ngati wachiwiri bwalo Ramesseum. Pabwalo Anaikongoletsanso porticos. Ndime Hall anali 48 mizati. Chekeni mitu yawo mwangwiro anapulumutsidwa. Iye atsanzira m'nkhalango ya gumbwa, chomwe ankaona pa mabande a unyamata wosatha. Kosungira ndi malo opatulika chachikulu, mwambo wa kachisi, anali holo pillared. Laibulale wotchuka inali mu Ramesseum. Diodorusi kuchipatala otchedwa moyo wake. Komanso, panali sukulu yaikulu ya alembi. Ofukula anapeza pansi pa simenti wa kutsinde kachisi ndi kuikidwa mmanda kwa wansembe Middle Ufumu. Magic wands, mipukutu ndi ena masks zopezeka mu chipinda manda la manda.

Medinet Habu

Likulu la Igupto - Thebes - ngati inu mwina mwaona, ichi ndi manda ya kuchuluka kwa anthu apamwamba a masiku amakedzana. Ife kufotokoza kwina amenewa. Medinet Habu anali kamodzi miyala, adzasauka pomanga makachisi ndi manda. Ramses III wa, amatsatira pa Ramesseum, abverana kuti amange m'dera la Medinet Habu kachisi wake posthumous. Pakhomo la pylons ndi yosonyeza zochitika za kugonjetsa adani a Farao. Kudzanja lamanja la pakhomo chipata, mwa makoma asilikali, taziwona wodzipereka kwa milungu ya kachisi kalekale. Kumanzere nsanja m'manda akazi a mulungu Amun.

zokopa onsewa ofunika kufufuza, ngati inu kupita pa ulendo wopita ku Egypt (Thebes). Ndi chinthu chimodzi - kuwerenga za iwo, pagona - kuona ndi maso anga. Ndithu wokwanira ulendo Egypt. Thebes ndi amakusangalatsani mafani wa mbiri yakale ndi zinsinsi.