Kuwukira Napoleon wa Russia. Nkhondo ya 1812

Tsiku Nkhondoyo Napoleon ya Russia - mmodzi wa masiku m'mbiri chidwi za dziko lathu. chochitika wafunsira nthano zambiri ndi mfundo view za vutoli, akufuna maphwando chiwerengero cha asilikali ndi mbali zina zofunika. Tiyeni yesetsani kuthetsa nkhaniyi bwinobwino ngati n'kotheka ndi kuunikila kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia mu 1812. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mbiri.

Background mkangano

kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia sanali mwangozi unasintha mosayembekezereka. buku limeneli Ln Tolstoy a "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" lichitidwa touted monga "wonyenga ndi zosayembekezereka." Ndipotu, chirichonse chinali achilengedwe. Russia kuchitapo kanthu asilikali yokha wapatsa vuto. Choyamba Catherine II, amaopa zochitika chosintha mu Europe anathandiza woyamba odana French mgwirizano. Pamenepo Paulo Ine asakhululukire Napoleon anagonjetsa Malta - chilumba umene uli pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo munthu wa mfumu yathu.

Kuweta asilikali nkhondo pakati Russia ndi France inayamba ndi wachiwiri odana French Mgwirizano (1798-1800), imene asilikali Russian pamodzi ndi Turkey, British ndi Austria anayesa kugonjetsa asilikali a Directory mu Europe. Inali nthawi zinthu zimenezi zinachitika pa wotchuka Mediterranean kukwera Ushakov ndi amunamuna kusuntha masauzande a asilikali Russian pa Alps molamulidwa ndi Suvorov.

Dziko lathu kanali koyamba ndi "kukhulupirika" wa ogwirizana Austria, amene masauzande a asilikali Russian anagwera mu chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, chinachitika ndi Rimsky-Korsakov ku Switzerland, umene ulibe 20 chikwi. Asilikali ake nkhondo ndi wosiyana ndi wa French. Zinali asilikali Austria kumanzere Switzerland ndipo anasiya 30000th nyumba Russian chimodzi pa ndi 70,000th alumikizana French. Ndipo wotchuka ndawala Suvorov anali yokakamiza, monga chomwecho alangizi onse Austria anasonyeza Chief wathu wa njira yolakwika kolakwika, amene palibiretu misewu ndi kuwoloka.

Chifukwa, Suvorov unazunguliridwa, koma zikuluzikulu mchitidwe anatha kutuluka mwala msampha ndi kupulumutsa asilikali. Komabe, pakati pa zochitika izi ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World zinachitika zaka khumi. Ndipo kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia mu 1812 sibwenzi zikanamuyendera osati zinthu zina.

Wachitatu ndi wachinayi odana French mgwirizano. Kulakwila Pangano la Tilsit

Alexander inenso anapita kukamenyana ndi France. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, chifukwa cha British zowawa kulanda boma ku Russia, zomwe zinachititsa kuti achinyamata Alexander wachifumu. Zimenezi angapange Mfumu yatsopano nkhondo British.

Mu 1805 izo aumbike lachitatu odana French mgwirizano. Pamafunikanso Russia, Britain, Sweden ndi Austria. Mosiyana ndi yapita awiri, kugwirizananso lalembedwa ngati chitetezo ndi. Palibe amene ati adzabwezeretse Bourbon mafumu mu France. Koposa zonse Union zofunika Britain ngati Channel Ngalande anali kale 200 zikwi. Asilikali French ali okonzeka chifukwa chodzala pa Albion, koma Mgwirizano lachitatu alephera malingaliro amenewo.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwa mgwirizano anali "Nkhondo ya mafumu atatu" November 20, 1805. Ili ndi dzina la iye analandira chifukwa pa nkhondo ya Austerlitz panafika anthu onse atatu makamu chikumenyana ndi Mfumu - Napoleon, Alexander Ine ndi Franz II. azambiriyakale asilikali ndikukhulupirira kuti kupezeka kwa "personages mkulu" wafunsira okwana ogwirizana chisokonezo. Nkhondo itatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kotheratu kwa mphamvu Coalition.

Timayesetsa kufotokoza mwachidule mmene zinthu zilili, popanda kumvetsetsa kuti kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia mu 1812 bwinobwino.

Mu 1806, panali chachinayi odana French mgwirizano. Austria salinso kutenga nawo mbali pa nkhondo Napoleon. The kugwirizananso zikuphatikizapo England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony ndi Sweden. Kuwawa wa mkanganowo kuti dziko lathu komanso England anathandiza makamaka yekha chuma, komanso nyanja, pamene ophunzira ena sanali amphamvu makamu, dzikolo. Mu tsiku limodzi lonse Prussian asilikali pa Nkhondo ya Jena wawonongedwa.

June 2, 1807, asilikali athu anagonjetsedwa ku Friedland, ndipo analowa kupitirira Niemen - mtsinje malire mu chuma kumadzulo ya Russian Ufumu.

Pambuyo pake, Russia anasaina Pangano la Tilsit ndi Napoleon, June 9, 1807 pakati pa Neman Mtsinje, amene mwalamulo kutanthauziridwa monga Kuyanjana pakathi pa zipani pamene kusainira mtendere. Ndi kuphwanya Pangano la Tilsit anali chimene chinachitika kuwukira Napoleon wa Russia. Kupenda mosamalitsa pangano yokha, kukhala zifukwa zomveka zimene zinachitika zochitika mtsogolo.

Terms of Pangano la Tilsit

Tilsit Mtendere adafotokoza inalowa Russia kuti otchedwa anatseka misewu ya British Isles. lamulo yosainidwa ndi Napoleon zambiri November 21, 1806. Akamanena za "anatseka misewu" chinali chifukwa chakuti France amalenga zone a ku Ulaya, kumene England ankaletsedwanso malonda. Napoleon sanathe ndigwire chilumba mthupi chifukwa France analibe ngakhale limodzi la magawo khumi la zombo, amene anali pa nazo ya British. Choncho, mawu akuti "anatseka misewu" pokhapo titachitapo. Ndipotu, Napoleon anabwera ndi zimene lero amatchedwa ziletso pa za chuma. England mwachangu malonda ndi Europe. Ku Russia izo zimagulitsidwa tirigu, kotero "anatseka misewu" likuoneka chakudya chokwanira cha Albion. Ndipotu, Napoleon ngakhale anathandiza England monga inawo mwachangu kupeza zibwenzi malonda atsopano mu Asia ndi Africa, osati zoipa ndalama m'tsogolo.

Russia mu XIX atumwi anali agrarian dziko, amene chogulitsidwa pa katundu wa tirigu. Chokha n'chimene wogula katundu pa nthawi anali chabe England. Ie imfa ya misika kwathunthu anawononga chigamulo osankhika a anthu olemekezeka mu Russia. Chinachake monga ife tikuziwona lero mu dziko lathu, pamene kontrsanktsii ndipo ziletso akhala akumenya mwamphamvu ndi mafuta ndi gasi makampani, ndi chifukwa kuti ulamuliro osankhika ali zomvetsa yaikulu.

Ndipotu, Russia anachimanga ndi ziletso odana British ku Ulaya, E amene anali France. Yotsirizira chinakwaniritsanso sewerolo lalikulu ulimi, choncho sizikanatheka m'malo malonda okondedwa kwa dziko lathu. N'zoona kuti chigamulo osankhika athuwo sanali kutsatila mfundo za Tilsit, monga izi zingachititse chiwonongeko chotheratu cha dziko lonse Russian chuma. Njira yokhayo kukakamiza Russia kutsatira lamulo la "anatseka misewu" anali ndi mphamvu. Choncho panali nkhondo ya "Great Army" wa Napoleon mu Russia. Chimodzimodzi French mfumu sanali kupita mwakuya mu dziko lathu, kufuna chabe kukakamiza Alexander kukwaniritsa Pangano la Tilsit. Komabe, asilikali athu mfumu ya French chabwerera mopitirira malire a kumadzulo kwa Moscow.

tsiku

Tsiku Nkhondoyo Napoleon a m'dziko la Russia - June 12, 1812. Pa tsiku limeneli, asilikali mdani anawoloka malire mtsinje Neman.

Mfundo Nkhondoyo ndi

Panali nthano imene kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia anali mosayembekezereka. Mfumu unachitikira mpira, ndi ogwira onse kusangalala. Ndipotu mipira onse mafumu Loona za nthawi chinachitika zambiri, ndipo iwo sali yozungulira zachitika ndondomeko ndi M'malo mwake, anali mbali yofunika. Zinali mwambo zonse anthu monarchical. Kuti zinachitikadi mlandu anthu pa nkhani yaikulu. Ngakhale nthawi yoyamba ya padziko lonse mu yogona ya olemekezeka inachitika zikondwerero zapamwamba. Komabe, Dziwani kuti Alexander mpira woyamba mu Vilna akadali ananyamuka ndi kupita ku St. Petersburg, kumene iye anakhalabe mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

aiwala ngwazi

asilikali Russian anali akukonzekera ntchito nkhondo ya French kale kuti. Nduna ya nkhondo Barclay de A Tolly anachita zonse zotheka kuti asilikali Napoleon anayandikira Moscow pa malire a mphamvu zawo ndi zomvetsa yaikulu. Mtumiki nkhondo chomwecho anali ankhondo ake anamenyana wokonzeka zonse. Mwatsoka, mbiri ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse akutichitira zinthu mopanda chilungamo ndi Barclay de A Tolly. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, zinali iye amene analenga zinthu tsogolo la tsoka French, ndi mliri wa asilikali Napoleon ku Russia kunatha agonje lathunthu la mdani.

Machenjerero a Nduna ya nkhondo

Barclay de A Tolly ntchito wotchuka "njira Msukuti". Mtunda pakati pa Niemen ndi Moscow kwambiri. No nkhokwe chakudya, kamba akavalo kumwa madzi "Grand Army" unasanduka yaikulu msasa wandende, amene imfa yachibadwa anali wapamwamba kuposa zomvetsa mkanganowo. The French anali sakuyembekezera mantha kuti Adakulengerani iwo Barclay de A Tolly, wamba anapita ku nkhalango, anatenga ng'ombe ndi moto chakudya, zitsime la asilikali paulendo wopita poizoni, chifukwa la asilikali French kunabuka miliri nthawi. Akavalo ndi anthu zakugwa njala, misa chothaŵa Koma ukhali kuthamanga m'dera lachilendo. Komanso, detachments olimbanawo alimi anawononga magulu ena French a asilikali. Chaka Nkhondoyo Napoleon ya Russia - chaka chino n'kale lonse kukonda dziko lako Changu cha anthu onse Russian ogwirizana kuwononga wankhanza. mfundo imeneyi anasonyeza ndi Ln buku Tolstoy a "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere", imene zilembo zake anakana amakana kulankhula mu French, chifukwa uwu ndi chinenero cha akagwiriridwa, ndipo amapereka ndalama zonse zosowa za asilikali. Russia ali kwa nthawi yaitali sankadziwa zoterozo kuwukira. Nthawi yotsiriza isanafike asilikali a Sweden anaukira pafupifupi zaka zana zapitazo m'dziko lathu. Atatsala pang'ono kuti, lonse yakale dziko Russian chidwi namatetule wa Napoleon, ankaganiza kuti iye anali munthu wamkulu kwambiri mu dziko. Tsopano namatetule izi likuoneka ufulu wathu ndipo anakhala mdani Woonekera.

Number ndi mbali ya asilikali a ku France

chiwerengero cha asilikali Napoleon mu nkhondo ya Russia anali pafupifupi 600 zikwi. Man. peculiarity ake anali kuti imawoneka patchwork zoyala. Zikuchokera asilikali Napoleon mu nkhondo ya Russia inkakhala lancers Polish, dragoons Chihangare, cuirassiers Spanish, French dragoons ndi ena. Pa lonse la Europe, Napoleon anasonkhana wake "Grand Army". Zinali motley, kulankhula zinenero zosiyana. Nthawi zina, atsogoleri ndi asilikali sanamvetse mzake, sindikufuna kuti akhetse magazi Great France, kotero pa chizindikiro choyamba cha mavuto chifukwa athu "anapsa lapansi," iwo anasiya. Komabe, panali mphamvu anali atagwira asilikali Napoleon onse ali chiimire - alonda patokha Napoleon. Ichi chinali osankhika a asilikali French, kumene kunachitika ndi namatetule asilikali mavuto onse a masiku oyambirira. Panali zovuta kwambiri. Alonda linalipiridwa malipilo chachikulu, iwo akunena katundu aliyense bwino chakudya. Ngakhale mu Moscow njala kuti anthu alandire chakudya chabwino, pamene ena anakakamizika kupeza makoswe akufa kwa chakudya. Alonda chinachake cha masiku payekha chitetezo Napoleon. Ankaona zizindikiro chothaŵa, zinthu kuti mu motley wa asilikali Napoleon a. Monga anaponyedwa nkhondo mu zigawo yoopsa kwambiri ya kutsogolo kumene mthunzi ngakhale msilikali umodzi kungachititse kuti tsoka chifukwa khamu lonse. Alonda konse kuphwera ndipo anasonyeza kukana kuposa kale lonse komanso ungwazi. Komabe, iwo anali ochepa kwambiri tikatengera kuchuluka.

Onse ankhondo Napoleon anali theka la French iwo wokha, akuwonetseredwa okha nkhondo mu Europe. Tsopano Komabe, izi zinali zosiyana asilikali - kugonjetsa, ntchito, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa makhalidwe ake.

asilikali

"Grand Army" wakhala kufalitsidwa mu echelons awiri. Mphamvu yaikulu - anthu pafupifupi 500 zikwi za zikwi 1 mfuti - .. Lokhala ndi magulu atatu. Phiko ndipo pa lamulo la Jerome Bonaparte - anthu 78 zikwi 159 mfuti -. Anali kusamukira Grodno ndi achotse waukulu Russian asilikali. Chapakati gulu lotsogoleredwa ndi Beauharnais -. Anthu 82 zikwi 200 mfuti - anali kuteteza mphambano ya awiri Russian makamu chachikulu, Barclay de A Tolly ndi Bagration. Napoleon yekha ndi magulu atsopano anasamukira ku Vilna. Ntchito yake inali kuswa Russian Army ndekha, koma anavomereza kugwirizana awo. Kumbuyo anakhalabe malo ankhondo a 170 zikwi. Anthu ndi pafupifupi 500 mfuti polimbana Augereau. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za mbiri asilikali Clausewitz, Napoleon onse nawo ndawala Russian, 600 zikwi Anthu, amene osachepera 100 zikwi. Anthu anawoloka malire mtsinje Neman kumbuyo kwa Russia..

Napoleon ankafuna kuti asanene nkhondo ya malire Russia za kumadzulo. Komabe, cormorants de A Tolly woyikidwa masewera ake "mphaka ndi mbewa". Major mphamvu Russian nthawi shied kuchokera kunkhondo, ndipo anabwerera ku dziko, wachedwa ndi French patsogolo kwa m'matangadza Polish, ndi kuwamana iye chakudya ndi makonzedwe gawo lakelake. Ndicho chifukwa cha nkhondo ya asilikali Napoleon ku Russia zinachititsa ngozi zina "Grand Army".

mphamvu Russian

Russia anali pa nthawi ya mokwiya pafupifupi 300 zikwi. Anthu ndi mfuti 900. Komabe, asilikali lidagawikana. Choyamba Western Army analamula Nduna ya nkhondo yekha. Grouping wa Barclay de A Tolly, pali zikwi 130. Man ndi mfuti 500. Iwo linayambira ku Lithuania kuti Grodno mu Belarus. Chachiwiri Western Army Bagration anali pafupi anthu zikwi 50 -. Up mzere kum'mawa kwa Bialystok. Chachitatu Tormasov asilikali -. Ndipo zikwi 50 anthu 168 mfuti - anali mu Volyn. Komanso, magulu inali yaikulu mu Finland - atatsala pang'ono zinali nkhondo Sweden - ndi Caucasus, kumene Russia ali kale anatsogolera nkhondo ndi Turkey ndi Iran. Panalinso gulu la asilikali athu pa Danube, molamulidwa ndi PV asilikali Chichagova kuchuluka kwa 57 zikwi. Anthu ndi mfuti 200.

kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia: chiyambi

Madzulo, June 11, 1812 ndi kulondera wa Moyo alonda Cossack Regiment adapeza gulu Muzisamala pa Neman Mtsinje. Ndi Kukada, ndi sappers mdani anayamba kumanga akuwoloka mu mamailosi atatu kulowera kumtunda kwa Kovno (pano Kaunas, Lithuania). Akuwoloka mtsinje wa makamu onse anatenga masiku 4, koma French avant-garde anali mu Kovno m'mawa pa June 12. Alexander I pa nthawi inali mpira Vilna, pamene Iye anauzidwa za nkhondo.

Kuchokera Niemen kuti Smolensk

Back mu May 1811, kutanthauza kuti n'zotheka kuwukira Napoleon ya Russia, Alexander I analankhula za kazembe French: "Ife kuli bwino upite ku Kamchatka, osati kulemba mtendere mitu yathu Pakuti ife kumenyana ndi ozizira ndi deralo.".

njira imeneyi anali muyika mumachitidwe: asilikali Russian mwamsanga anabwerera ku Niemen kuti Smolensk magulu awiri ankhondo, wosanyengereredwa kugwirizana. makamu onse mowirikiza kuzunzidwa ndi French. Panali nkhondo zingapo zimene Russian inali nsembe lonse magulu rearguard kuti azipeza nthawi yaitali kugwira mphamvu yaikulu ya French, kuti si kuwapatsa kuti andipeze ndi mphamvu yathu yaikulu.

August 7 Nkhondo ya Valutina phiri, imene inkatchedwa Nkhondo ya Smolensk. Barclay de A Tolly teamed nthawi ndi Bagration ndipo ngakhale akuyesetsa angapo counterattack. Komabe, iyi inali ayendetsa onyenga yekha kuti anakakamizika Napoleon kuganizira za tsogolo la nkhondo anamanga pafupi Smolensk, ndi Yalani mizati akuguba pansi nkhondo. Koma mkulu Russian mkulu anakumbukira lamulo la mfumu "more ine ankhondo," ndipo anaganiza kupereka nkhondo atamanga, molondola akuneneratu kugonjetsedwa m'tsogolo. Near Smolensk, ndi French anataya katundu yaikulu. Yekha Barclay de A Tolly anali wothandiza wa mthunzi zina, koma lonse Russian anthu chosalungama ankamuona wamantha ndi wachinyengo kwa mthunzi wake. Ndipo kokha Russian mfumu kale kamodzi anathawa Napoleon pa Austerlitz, komabe sanasinthe mtumiki. Pamene asilikali lidagawikana, Barclay de A Tolly komabe anali wokhoza kuthana ndi mkwiyo wa asilikali, koma pamene Magulu ankhondo pafupi Smolensk, iye anali kupanga potsimikizira-kuukira thupi la Murat. Kuukira panafunika zambiri kuti asangalatse atsogoleri Russian, m'malo nkhondo ku French. Koma, ngakhale, mtumiki mlandu wa kukayikira, kuzengereza, wamantha. Powafotokozera Rift komaliza ndi Bagration, amene mwachidwi anathamangira kwa kumuukira, koma sanathe kupereka dongosolo, monga yokhala anagonjera Barkalaja de A Tolly. monga Napoleon yekha mokwiya ananena kuti Russian sanapereke zikuluzikulu nkhondo, monga luso workaround mphamvu yake yaikulu kungabweretse kuponya mu kumbuyo kwa Russian, kotero kuti asilikali athu adzakhala wosweka kwathunthu.

Change wamkulu

Opanikizika anthu Barkalaja de A Tolly akadali kuchotsedwa malo mkulu. akazembe Russian mu August 1812 ali poyera chawonongera malangizo ake onse. Komabe, mkulu watsopano wamkulu, MI Kutuzov, amene ulamuliro wakhala zedi, anthu Russian, komanso analamula mthunzi zina. Pa August 26 - komanso opanikizika kwa anthu - onse anapereka nkhondo ya Borodino, imene Russian anagonjetsedwa ndipo anachoka Moscow.

zotsatira

Kuti adzimvera. Tsiku Nkhondoyo Napoleon ya Russia - mmodzi wa zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko lathu. Komabe, mwambo umenewu chinathandiza kuchuluka wakutemwa anthu athu, kuphatikiza ake. Napoleon zinali zolakwika kuti wamba Russian adzasankha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom chosinthana ndi kuthandiza Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo lapansi. Kunapezeka kuti nzika wathu mokwiya asilikali Choipitsitsa kwambiri kuposa zotsutsana umoyo ndi zachuma zoweta.