"Union wa mafumu atatu": amaphunzira kapena kufunika kwa mfundo yachilendo?

The cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu Europe zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha kwambiri boma Kupititsa ndi geopolitical, chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa France ndi Prussia adanyamuka yaikulu ndi amphamvu German Ufumu, ofooka anakhala Ottoman, amene adakali chimakhala chogwidwa ndi ndithu wambiri dziko. zinthu zonsezi analimbikitsa Russia kufuna njira zolimbitsira ake m'bwalo lonse. Chotsatira chimodzi cha kafukufuku uyu anali cholengedwa za "Union wa mafumu atatu".

Europe ndi mapeto a XIX m'ma

Events wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anabweretsa mfundo yachilendo ya Russian Ufumu, nkhawa zonse chitetezo awo ndi chikoka. Atagonjetsedwa ku Crimea nkhondo, dziko ubwenzi wotuluka ndi ndale zazikulu European ndi lolunjika pa kuthetsa mavuto m'banja. Sizinabala zotsatira - pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka minofu yake zachuma ndi zankhondo. Koma otsutsa ndi sindikugona. Chifukwa cha mofulumira Franco-Prussian nkhondo, France mongoyembekezera unatha kukhala mkhalidwe wamphamvu ndi otchuka, ndipo Russia anali pa malire ake kumadzulo maphunziro amphamvu ndi mwamakani - German Ufumu. chenicheni anasonyeza kuti n'zotheka mapangidwe a mgwirizano Austria-German, zomwe zina zikhoza kusokoneza zinthu za dziko lathu. Boma la Alexander II ankadziwa kuti amuleka izi. Kuyesetsa kupewa izo, Russian zokambirana kuyamba ntchito thupi. Yogwira chapatatu zokambiranazo atumiki ena ndi mafumu okha anasonyeza kwa dziko "Union wa mafumu atatu" mu 1873.

Terms of mgwirizano ndi chofunikira ake

Choncho, yokhala Russia, Germany ndi Austria ndi Hungary adalowa Mgwirizano, koma ngati inu kuyang'anitsitsa mwatsatanetsatane Akumakambirananso mgwirizano, zimaonekeratu kuti iye makamaka declarative. Ndithudi, mgwirizano umenewu amapereka mbali zitatu zokha walonjeza kuti adzathetsa kusiyana kwawo ndi thandizo la uphungu, pamene wachinayi mbali kuopseza mokwiya ntchito mapu msewu. Monga mmene taonera, palibe magulu anali samangika. Komabe, mbali iliyonse, kupita asintha zina, zolinga zawo. Russia kuti apeze reprieve kwa angakuthandizeni aika mu Europe - France, ndipo si kuonedwa akapolo ku German-Austria mgwirizano, Austria-Hungary zoyembekezeredwa mwa mgwirizano umenewu zolimbitsira ake mu Balkan Peninsula. Germany inakonzedwa ndi mgwirizano umenewu kuti adzawapatse malo nkhondo France. Njira zina za mbiri anasonyeza ephemerality maganizo onse. Mu 1875, panali akuchuluka wa Franco-German asapita, Germany anali za kulanga intransigent anzathu, koma Russia wanena sadzalola kukonzanso kugonjetsedwa kwa France. Zimenezi zinathandiza Bismarck kwa kuwawidwa amatchedwa "Union wa mafumu atatu" chidutswa kanthu ndi achabechabe pepala.

Kusagwirizana maphwando ndi pangano

Mosiyana ndi zonse zimene timayembekezera, ubale wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, kupereka ngakhale ndi ghostly, koma mtendere Europe Central. Cha m'ma 70 ntchentche za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mgwirizano pakati pa Germany ndi Russia yawo ayamba ankhanza. Kunja chitsimikizo ubwenzi ndi chisoni kwa dziko lathu ku Germany akusemphana ndi chowonadi, izo zimayambitsa mkwiyo ndi nkhanza St. Petersburg ndi Berlin. Alexander III pa nthawi ya inalowa ufumu wakhala chosunga odana German mtima. Ngakhale mfundo zimenezi, mfumu yatsopano anapita adzikonzenso mgwirizanowo. Mfundo za pangano latsopano linali zamalowo kuti vuto la nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman chosalowerera ndale 'm anatsimikiza mapangano wapadera, kusintha Wonenedwa ku malire a lapamwamba Porte lizisunga okha ndi chilolezo cha magulu onse a Mgwirizano wa. "Union wa mafumu atatu" zaka 1881-1894 anali pansi lingaliro mfundo zikuluzikulu za containment wa ku Germany ndi Austrians, chifukwa panthawiyo Russia zina njira chabe sanali

Kusintha zinthu geopolitical

Pakali pano, muyezo wa mphamvu zasintha. Mu 1882, Germany, Italy ndi Austria-Hungary inachita asilikali ndale mgwirizano, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga "Katatu Alliance". Mgwirizano Izi monenetsa amafuna zipani amaganiza kuti thandizo asilikali mwa onse. The mgwirizano woyamba anali osiyana ndi French, lachiwiri - ndi Russia, Balkans, mkangano ndi Austria-Hungary anakhala ndi kovuta. Mu St. Petersburg, izo bwinobwino, choncho mu 1887, dziko lathu anapita ku mapeto a pangano chinsinsi ndi Germany. Otchedwa "Reinsurance Pangano" amayenera chosalowerera ndale vuto la nkhondo ndi dziko lachitatu, koma anavomera kuti satsatira milandu nkhondo Franco-German ndipo Chirasha Austria. Choncho, "Union wa mafumu atatu" yotopetsa amtengo positive.

Madzulo a nkhondo yaikulu

mapangano awa ndiwo Russian Ufumu zosakhalitsa. Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche za m'ma XIX n'zosatheka Ulaya mwambo - ndi absolutist Russia anachita mgwirizano ndi Republican France. Akazembe dipatimenti anapitiriza akufufuza mpata njira zotheka wa rapprochement ndi Britain. Ambiri "mbuye wa kunyanja," amadziŵa bwino kuti malamulo a zachilendo Chakumapeto kwa komanso kuti zinthu zambiri ndi Russia, osati ndi bloc Austria-German. Yaitali zamtendere zokambirana analephera ndipo panali chachiwiri asilikali ndale bloc "Entente", kuphatikizapo Russia, England ndi France. Komabe, "Union wa mafumu atatu" zatenganso mbali mbiri mtendere mu Europe, wachitatu lotsiriza la XIX m'ma