Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo. Mwachidule za ndale za mantha

Zaka oprichnina Ivana Groznogo anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya mapangidwe boma Russian. mfumu pampando wachifumu mu 1547. Koma mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake, waukulu Inde ndale za boma sanali oprichnina Ivana Groznogo.

Mwachidule za kusintha Osankhidwa Rada

Anasankha Rada anakhala de A facto boma, anasonkhana ku boyars mfulu, olemekezeka, akuluakulu ena a boma ndi a atsogoleri achipembedzo. Iwo unachitira boma limeneli kuyambira 1547 ndi chaka 1560. Kwenikweni, zonse kusintha ake umalimbana ndi centralization a boma Mtheradi wa mphamvu, chilengedwe cha yunifolomu matupi m'dzikolo anthu ndi malamulo. Kwenikweni, mumaganiza izi zimafunikira nthawi yokha. Absolutization monarchical kupewa chimodzimodzi ndi Ulaya.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo: mwachidule za zifukwa

Komabe, ntchito komanso moyo wa Nyumba ya Malamulo osankhidwa kwa zifukwa zingapo pa nthawi amayamba kuthamanga kumatsutsana ndi zolinga za Ivana Groznogo. Mu 1560, pali chotupa pakati pa mfumu ndi anzake, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zotani oprichnina Ivana Groznogo. Mwachidule za zifukwa chotupa cha chigwirizano, tisaiwale kuti vutoli chikhalidwe cha Anasankha kusintha Rada kenako ndatopa mfumu. Yotsirizira anayamba kumva kuti boyars mwadala kuchedwa kwa centralization a boma Ndipotu, mu 1560 iye mlandu anthu awiri amasankhidwa ndi nyumba yamalamulo - Sylvester ndi Adasheva - kuti iwo akufuna kuganizira levers weniweni wa mphamvu mu manja ake. chifukwa chachikulu kusiyana amakhala mkangano pakati pa atsogoleri osasankhidwa a boma ndi wachifumu mkazi Anastasiey Yurevoy. Atamwalira oyambirira mfumu mobwerezabwereza kukaneneza boyars kuti "nditazolowera kuyatsa izo." kuthetheka Last potsiriza asonkhezere ukali wa Ivan IV pamwamba pa boyars, chinali kusintha kwa mmodzi wa mamembala woyambawo Wosankhidwa Rada Andreya Kurbskogo ku Poland nthawi ya Livonia nkhondo. zifukwa zimene zinachititsa yotsirizira kutero, izo anadandaula kuti mfumu akhumudwa ufulu ispokonvechnye ndi ufulu wa anthu otchuka. Poyankha, mfumu amalenga omvera thupi asilikali amene wayamba mantha zikuluzikulu motsutsa apamwamba mu dziko.

Oprichnina Ivana Groznogo: mwachidule kugwira

Kuyambira 1565 mu Muscovy amayamba kulimbana aukali kuthetsa kapena kani, chiwonongeko thupi la Boyar wosanjikiza. Dziko lagawidwa pawiri: gawo limodzi anali mapeto la mfumu ndipo anaitana oprichnina. kulamulira ena Boyar Duma ndipo ankatchedwa zemshchina. m'gawo Oprichnina mosalekeza kuchuluka wokutidwa ambiri a dziko dziko. Akamanena ndale za oprichnina Ivana Groznogo chinali chifukwa chakuti mfumu anapanga kuti ufulu ndi chilolezo cha boyars kuti akhoza mwadala poyera manyazi komanso kuphedwa kwa anthu onse amene wadzikwaniritsa wachinyengo. Nkosafuna kunena kuti pambuyo pa ndege Kurbsky nfumu aona oukira ndi achiwembu kulikonse pakati osankhika boyar? Pa zaka izi, mazana a mabanja a olemekezeka anathamangitsidwa m'mayiko awo ceded oprichniki. Mantha pachimake mu 1570, pamene anaphedwa mu Russia chatha ang'onoang'ono kalonga Vladimir Staritsa. Angadziperekere Maulendo Chilango ndi Novgorod, Klin, Torzhok, Tver. Chogona anthu ambirimbiri midzi anachitira misa Kuphedwa mu Moscow.

Zotsatira za oprichnina ndi

mfundo Zimenezi zinachititsa chifooke udindo a ndale a otchuka pa dziko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mfumuyo inapanga autocracy. Pa dzanja limodzi, despotism ndi mfundo za chiwonongeko misa ndi kuphana - zolakwikazo. Komabe autocracy analola kuti akonze amphamvu ndi kothandiza asilikali nthawi yake, boma zida, yomwe inapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono madera boma.