Pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake. Pakachitsulo m'chilengedwe. Ntchito pakachitsulo

Mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri luso ndi malonda a zinthu ndi pakachitsulo. Kuti alitcha katundu zachilendo. Today pali ambiri mankhwala osiyanasiyana chinthu ichi, chimene mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kaphatikizidwe ndi chilengedwe cha mankhwala luso, glassware, galasi, zipangizo, zomangamanga, zodzikongoletsera mafakitale ena.

General maonekedwe a pakachitsulo

Ngati tikambirana udindo wa pakachitsulo mu dongosolo nthawi, n'zotheka kuti:

1. IV lili subgroups waukulu wa gululo.
2. Akuyambira chiwerengero. 14
3. Atomiki misa 28,086.
4. Chizindikiro mankhwala Si.
5. Dzina - pakachitsulo, kapena Chilatini - silicium.
6. The zamagetsi kasinthidwe wa kunja wosanjikiza 4e: 2e: 8e.

The kusitalo latisi wa pakachitsulo ndi ofanana daimondi latisi. The mfundo imakonzedwa maatomu, mtundu wake - nkhope zokha kiyubiki. Komabe, chifukwa kutalika kwambiri chifukwa thupi katundu wa pakachitsulo kwambiri amasiyana katundu wa kusinthidwa mpweya allotropic.

thupi katundu ndi mankhwala

Pali awiri allotropic kusinthidwa kwa mchitidwe wa: amorphous ndi galasi. Iwo amafanana kwambiri. Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi zipangizo zina, kusiyana waukulu pakati pawo - ndi crystalline pakachitsulo latisi.

Pankhaniyi, onse Mabaibulo - ufa wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

1. Tinthu pakachitsulo ndi chonyezimira mdima imvi ufa ngati chitsulo. akuphatikizapo limafanana ndi diamondi, koma katundu osiyana. Zikuyenera:

• fragility;
• otsika kuuma;
• katundu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi;
• Limatsogolera kutentha kwa ⁰ 1415 C;
• kachulukidwe 2,33 g / masentimita ^3;
• otentha kutentha kwa ⁰ 2700 C.

ntchito yake mankhwala ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi ena allotropic mawonekedwe.

2. Amorphous pakachitsulo - bulauni bulauni ufa, ali kapangidwe silnorazuporyadochennogo diamondi. Reactivity ndi mkulu mokwanira.

Ambiri, Tikumbukenso kuti adzatani pakachitsulo amadana nazo. Kuti izo angachite zofunika kutentha osachepera 400-500 ⁰ C. Various mankhwala anapanga wa pakachitsulo pansi pa zikhalidwe izi. Monga:

• oxides;
• halides;
• kudzipha;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Mwina mogwirizana kwa pakachitsulo acid nitric kapena soda, wotchedwa ndondomeko etching. silicones ambiri, omwe tsopano akukhala wamba.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Pakachitsulo mwachibadwa Anapezeka ndithu kuchuluka kwambiri. Ilo liri mu malo chachiwiri pambuyo kuwanda oxygen. Imatha kulemera kachigawo ndi pafupifupi 30%. M'madziwo mulinso mchitidwe mwakhama ndende ya 3 mg / L. Choncho, sitinganene kuti pakachitsulo mu chikhalidwe - ndi chinthu chosowa.

M'malo mwake, pali zambiri miyala osiyana ndi mchere, monga mbali ya kumachitika ndi kumene izo zikhoza yotengedwa. Ambiri mankhwala achilengedwe pakachitsulo ndi:

1. Silika. Mankhwala chilinganizo SiO _2. Pali ndithu zosiyanasiyana mchere ndi miyala pa maziko ake: mchenga, mwala, feldspar, khwatsi, thanthwe Krustalo, ametusito, ndi kalikedo, carnelian, opal, jaspi, ndi ena.
2. Silicates ndi silicates zotayidwa. Kaolin wa, feldspar, Mica, salt silicic asidi, asibesitosi, talc.

Choncho, kunafalikira chikhalidwe pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake ali otchuka ndi kufunika kwa anthu kuti ntchito zolinga ukadaulo.

Pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake

Popeza wangwiro ankaona kuti kulibe chinthu sangathe Choncho, kufunika yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ake. Kuyambira mfundo mankhwala view kungakhale atatu makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2, +4, -4. Otuluka zimenezi, ndiponso chifukwa cha inertia awo, koma makamaka pa kapangidwe crystalline latisi, kuti amapanga izi mitundu ikuluikulu zinthu:

• mankhwala bayinare ndi-zitsulo sanali (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, ndi zina zotero;
• oxides;
• asidi silicic;
• zitsulo silicates.

Tiyeni tione kufunika kwa pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake, ndi ambiri ndi otchuka kwa anthu.

oxides pakachitsulo

Pali mitundu iwiri ya zinthu anafotokoza mfundo:

• SiO;
• SiO _2.

Komabe, ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito ali woipa. Lilili mu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe a wokongola kwambiri miyala theka-mtengo wake;

• sibu;
• kalikedo;
• opal;
• carnelian;
• yaspi;
• ametusito;
• rhinestone.

Ntchito pakachitsulo mu mawonekedwe wapeza ntchito zake kupanga zibangili. Amazipanga golide okongola ndi zodzikongoletsera siliva anapanga ndi semiprecious awa ndi miyala semiprecious.

A yofanana ochepa a silika ndi:

• khwatsi;
• mtsinje ndi khwatsi mchenga ;
• mwala;
• feldspars.

Ntchito pakachitsulo mu mitundu ngati akuyendera zomangamanga, zomangamanga, zamagetsi, makampani mankhwala, zitsulo. Pamodzi, oxides ali amatchula zinthu limodzi - silika.

Karbid Kremniya ndi ntchito zake

Pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake - mfundo za m'tsogolo ndiponso pano. chuma china pakachitsulo carbide kapena carbide wa mchitidwe wa. Mankhwala opangidwa SiC. Kumachitika mu chikhalidwe ngati moissanite mchere.

Mu mawonekedwe woyera wa carbon ndi pakachitsulo pawiri - ndi wokongola, mandala timibulu, diamondi, monga dongosolo. Komabe, mu ntchito luso ntchito utoto mtundu zakuthupi wobiriwira ndi wakuda.

Main makhalidwe a mankhwala, ndi kulola ntchito mafakitale, zipangizo zamakono, makampani mankhwala, izi:

• lonse kusiyana michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi;
• kwambiri mphamvu (7 Mohs lonse) ;
• kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha;
• elektroustoychivost kwambiri ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe.

Zonsezi zimathandiza ntchito pakachitsulo carbide ngati chuma abrasive mu zitsulo ndi mankhwala kaphatikizidwe. LEDs Ndiponso, zachokera kutulutsa sipekitiramu lonse la kanthu, mbali ku ng'anjo galasi, nozzles, miyuni, zodzikongoletsera (moissanite anayamikira FIANITE pamwamba).

Silane ndi tanthauzo lake

Haidrojeni pakachitsulo pawiri ndi silane ndi dzina sangakhoze akamagwira kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji kuchokera kuyambira zipangizo. Kupeza zitsulo zosiyanasiyana silicides ntchito, zomwe zagonjetsedwa kwa chithandizo acid. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mpweya silane adzamasulidwa ndi ndipamene zitsulo mchere.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pawiri mu funso sanayambe opangidwa yekha. Nthawi zonse zimene osakaniza mono-, di- ndi Trisilane imene maatomu pakachitsulo umanena pamodzi mu unyolo.

Pa katundu wa mankhwala awa - amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizira. Okha Choncho mosavuta oxidized ndi mpweya, nthawi zina chimoto chadzaoneni. Chiwawa anachita ndi halogens zonse ndi zambiri kumasulidwa mphamvu.

Mfundo ya silanes zotsatirazi:

1. Zimene kaphatikizidwe organic, chifukwa cha zomwe n'kofunika silicones - silikoni, labala mankhwala ena omatira, lubricants, emulsions ndi ena.
2. Microelectronics (LCD oyang'anira, Integrated luso zithunzi, etc.).
3. Mkulu chiyero polysilicon.
4. Mano yopanga.

Choncho, silanes m'dziko masiku ano mkulu.

Silicic acid ndi silicates

Hydroxide cha mchitidwe - iwo ali silicas osiyana. wolemekezeka:

• pambuyo;
• inu;
• polysilicon ndi zidulo ena.

Onse ali mbali wamba - vutoli kwambiri m'chigawo ufulu. Iwo mosavuta linakwiriridwa ndi kutentha. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, pali sakhalitsa, kutembenuzira choyamba mu Sol ndiyeno gel osakaniza. Pambuyo kuyanika, ndi angakhale angelo silika, nyumba amenewa amatchedwa. Iwo ntchito monga adsorbents mu Zosefera.

Chiyani pa maganizo a za mafakitale ndi mchere zidulo silicic - silicates. Iwo ndiwo maziko a yokonza zipangizo monga:

• galasi;
• konkire;
• simenti;
• zeolite;
• kaolin wa!
• zadothi;
• chadothi;
• Krustalo;
• ziwiya zadothi.

Soda zitsulo silicates - sungunuka, ena - palibe. Choncho, soda ndi potaziyamu silicate amatchedwa galasi madzi. Normal malo zomatira - ichi ndi sodium wochuluka mchere asidi silicic.

Koma mankhwala chidwi kwambiri ndi zonse za galasi chomwecho. Zomwe mungachite okha mankhwala lingaliro! Masiku ano, wachikuda, kuwala, matte options. Glassware ndi zodabwitsa mu ulemerero wake ndi kuchuluka. Pamene kuwonjezera zitsulo zina ndi oxides nonmetal kusakaniza akhoza kupeza zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya galasi. Nthawi zina ngakhale zikuchokera chomwecho, koma chiwerengero osiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu kumabweretsa kusintha katundu wa thunthu. Zitsanzo ndi dongo ndi dothi, zimene chilinganizo SiO ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Khwatsi galasi - ndi mtundu wa chiyero mankhwala mkulu amene analemba akufotokozedwa ngati silika.

mu pakachitsulo mankhwala Apeza

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala ake - ophunzira ofunika kwambiri m'chigawo zachilendo kwa zinthu zamoyo. C akusowa kapena owonjezera chinthu anapatsidwa kugwirizana matenda monga:

• khansara;
• chifuwa chachikulu;
• nyamakazi;
• ng'ala;
• khate;
• kamwazi;
• la misempha;
• chiwindi ndi ena.

Okalamba njira eni unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi okhutira kachulukidwe wa pakachitsulo. Zimene ambiri pa nyama asonyeza kuti kusowa kwa chinthu ndi matenda a mtima, zikwapu, khansa ndi matenda a chiwindi C Kachiromboka adamulowetsa.