Zotayidwa mbali. Zotayidwa: makhalidwe ambiri

Aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala tinganene kuti ku mawonedwe a sayansi atatu: sayansi, umagwirira ndi zamoyo. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa monga momwe akanathera nalo zitsulo zotayidwa. mchitidwe uwu, umene uli mu gulu lachitatu ndi nthawi yachitatu, malinga ndi Table nthawi ndi nthawi. Zotayidwa - zitsulo, amene ali ndi reactivity pafupifupi. Komanso nkutheka kusunga kugwirizana katundu amphoteric. Zotayidwa atomiki kulemera kwa magalamu makumi awiri mphambu zisanu pa Mole.

maonekedwe zotayidwa

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi olimba. zotayidwa ndiyo njira yosavuta. Amakhala maatomu (osati mogwirizana molekyulu ndi) omwe limagwirizana ndi thandizo la latisi galasi mu chinthu cholimba. zotayidwa mtundu - siliva-woyera. Komanso, ali ndi luster zachitsulo, komanso zinthu zina aliyense wa gulu lino. Mtundu wa zitsulo ntchito makampani angathe kukhala osiyana chifukwa kukhalapo zosafunika mu aloyi lapansi. Izi ndi mwachilungamo wopepuka zitsulo. kachulukidwe ake wofanana 2,7 g / cm3, i.e. ndi pafupifupi katatu opepuka kuposa chitsulo. Mu ichi akhoza kupereka njira kupatula kuti mankhwala enaake a, ndilo sizivuta zitsulo funso. The kuuma zotayidwa ndi otsika kwambiri. Mu izo, iye amapatsa zitsulo kwambiri. zotayidwa kuuma awiri okha pa Mohs lonse. Choncho, kwa phindu ake pa maziko a kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo anawonjezera kwambiri.

zotayidwa limatsogolera limapezekanso pa kutentha madigiri 660 okha Celsius. Ndipo iwo amayamba wiritsani pamene usavutike kutentha madigiri zikwi ziwiri mazana anayi makumi asanu ndi awiri Celsius. Izi ndi ductile kwambiri ndi fusible zitsulo. Mu ichi thupi malekezero khalidwe zotayidwa. Koma tisaiwale kuti zitsulo yogwira ali bwino pambuyo mkuwa, siliva madutsidwe.

Kuchuluka m'chilengedwe

specifications zotayidwa zimene ife takambiranawa, zachilendo chilengedwe. Iwo Tingaone mu zikuchokera mchere ambiri. Zotayidwa mchitidwe - chachinayi mwa ambiri m'chilengedwe. Wake kulemera kachigawo mu kutumphuka dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi zisanu ndi zinayi peresenti. Major mchere alipo zikuchokera maatomu ake ndi bauxite, aluminiyamu, cryolite. Choyamba - thanthwe mapangidwe, chomwe oxides chitsulo, pakachitsulo ndi zitsulo mu funso, komanso kapangidwe ka tinthu madzi pano. Iwo ali si yunifolomu ochekenera: zidutswa imvi, pabuka-Brown kapena ena mitundu, amene amadalira pamaso zosafunika zosiyanasiyana. Pa makumi peresenti sikisite mtundu wa - zotayidwa, amene zithunzi Tingaone pamwamba. Ndi chofala kwambiri mu mchere chikhalidwe ndi aluminiyamu.

aluminiyamu izi. mankhwala chilinganizo ake - Al2O3. N'kutheka kuti iye wofiira, wachikasu, buluu kapena zofiirira. kuwuma kwake pa Mohs lonse ndi mayunitsi naini. The zosiyanasiyana corundum ndi miyala ya safiro chidwi ndi zamtengo wapatali, leicosapphires ndi padparadzha (chikasu safiro).

Cryolite - mchere ndi kukhala zovuta kuposa mankhwala chilinganizo. Amakhala wa fluorides aluminiyamu ndi sodium wochuluka - AlF3 • 3NaF. Izo zikuwoneka ngati mwala colorless kapena imvi, ali otsika kuuma - zonse zitatu pa Mohs lonse. Masiku ano iwo apanga chongopeka zasayansi. Ndi ntchito zitsulo.

Komanso zotayidwa angapezeke mu chikhalidwe monga mbali ya dongo, ndiwo Gawo la pakachitsulo ndipo oxides zitsulo kugwirizana ndi tinthu madzi. Komanso, chinthu mankhwala zingaoneke mu zikuchokera nepheline, mankhwala chilinganizo chimene chiri motere: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

phwando

zotayidwa kuganizira zinthu amapereka njira ya kaphatikizidwe ake. Pali njira zingapo. Yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa ndi njira woyamba chikuchitika mu magawo atatu. Otsiriza awa ndi ndondomeko ya electrolysis pa cathode ndi mpweya anode. Yokwaniritsira ndondomeko choterocho kumafuna okusayidi zotayidwa, ndi auxiliaries monga cryolite (chilinganizo - Na3AlF6) ndi calcium fluoride (CaF2). Kuti zidzachitika kuwonongeka kwa kusungunuka aluminiyamu, m'pofunika ndi osungunula cryolite ndi calcium fluoride usavutike kutentha osachepera mazana asanu makumi asanu madigiri centigrade, kenako anadutsa panopa zinthu izi mu amperes eyite zikwi ndi Voteji five- volts eyiti. Choncho, chifukwa ndondomeko kuthetsa zotayidwa cathode, ndi okosijeni adzachotsedwa pa anode, amene nawonso ali oxidized anode ndi kusintha mu mpweya. Pamaso wozengereza njirayi bauxite, zomwe mu mawonekedwe a okusayidi zotayidwa atamupopa, chisanadze kutsukidwa zosafunika, napereka ndondomeko ya madzi m'thupi.

Zotayidwa kupanga njira tafotokozazi sizachilendo mu zitsulo. Palinso njira, anatulukira mu 1827 ndi F. Wohler. Iwo kwagona kuti zotayidwa akhoza yotengedwa ndi mankhwala anachita pakati mankhwala enaake ake ndi potaziyamu. Kugwira njira yotero zitha analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a zinthu wapadera wa kutentha kwambiri ndi kuyamwa. Choncho, Mole wina wa mankhwala enaake ndi buku wofanana potaziyamu angathe kukonzekera Mole mmodzi wa aluminiyamu ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a mankhwala enaake potaziyamu monga byproduct a. Zimenezi zikhoza anasonyeza kuti aone kuti pali izi: AІSІ3 + + 3K = AІ 3KSІ. njira imeneyi si wabweza kwambiri cha kutchuka mu makampani.

mbali zotayidwa mawu zimapangidwira

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, losavuta mankhwala, womwe wapangidwa wa maatomu omwe si bungwe mu molekyulu ndi. nyumba ofanana anapanga pafupifupi onse zitsulo. Zotayidwa ali reactivity ndi mkulu ndi katundu amphamvu kuchepetsa. Chemical mapangidwe a zotayidwa adzayamba ndi malongosoledwe a zochita zake ndi zinthu zina yophweka, monga adzakhala anafotokoza mogwirizana nanu mankhwala zovuta zochita kupanga.

Zotayidwa ndi losavuta zinthu

Zina mwa makamaka mpweya - pawiri ambiri pa dziko. Kuchokera pa wake makumi awiri ndi chimodzi cha m'mlengalenga wapangidwa. Zimene thunthu ndi wina aliyense kudziwika monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kapena wotentha. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa kutentha. Koma mu nkhani ya zotayidwa mwina makutidwe ndi okosijeni zinthu zachilendo opaleshoni - kotero anapanga okusayidi filimu. Ngati zitsulo yogwira wasweka, izo udzayaka, motero kumasuka yambiri mphamvu monga kutentha. Yokwaniritsira anachita pakati zotayidwa ndi mpweya muyenera zigawo izi mu chiŵerengero molar 4: 3, umene ndi magawo awiri kupeza okusayidi.

mankhwala anachita izi chimaoneka ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 4AІ + 3O2 = 2AІO3. Komanso zotayidwa akhoza kutani ndi halogens monga fluorine, ayodini, bromine ndi chlorine. Mayina a pasukuluyi amachokera halogen chogwirizana: fluorination, iodination, bromination ndi chlorination. Ichi ndi mmene lumikiza anachita.

Mwachitsanzo, ife yatikhudza zotayidwa ndi chlorine. Mtundu uwu wa ndondomeko zitha kumachitika mu kuzizira.

Choncho, kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri zotayidwa ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a chlorine, kupereka timadontho-timadontho awiri a mankhwala enaake zitsulo. The aone kuti pali chifukwa anachita izi motere: + 2AІ 3SІ = 2AІSІ3. Mu njira yomweyo n'zotheka kupeza zotayidwa fluoride, bromide ndi iodide izo.

Pa imvi thunthu mu funso amachitira kokha pamene usavutike. Yokwaniritsira zimachitika pakati mankhwala ziwiri zofunika kutenga nawo kufanana molar awiri kapena atatu, ndi gawo limodzi la sulphide anapanga aluminiyamu. Chisoni aone kuti pali chiri motere: 2Al + 3S = Al2S3.

Kuwonjezera apo, pa kutentha ndi zotayidwa amachitira ndi mpweya kupanga carbide, ndipo asafe kupanga nitride. Munthu angathe tchulani zotsatirazi mankhwala anachita aone kuti pali: 4AІ + 3C = AІ4S3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zovuta

Zikuphatikizapo madzi, mchere, zidulo, zapansi, oxides. Ndi onse a mankhwala a zotayidwa amachitira mosiyana. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane nkhani iliyonse.

Chisoni ndi madzi

Ndi mankhwala ambiri padziko lapansi zotayidwa zovuta interacts ndi magetsi. Izi zimachitika zokha pamene kuchotsa kuyambirira filimu okusayidi. Mogwirizana wa hydroxide amphoteric aumbike, ndi wa hydrogen adzamasulidwa ku mlengalenga. Kukwera magawo awiri a zotayidwa ndi madera asanu a madzi timapeza hydroxide ndi wa hydrogen mu chiŵerengero molar awiri atatu. Izi aone kuti pali anachita zinalembedwa motere: 2AІ + 6H2O = 2AІ (o) 3 + 3H2.

Mogwirizana ndi zidulo, zapansi ndi oxides

Ngati miyala ina yogwira, zotayidwa angathe kuchitira M'MALO anachita. Angathe aithamangitse wa hydrogen ku asidi kapena kungokhala chete zitsulo cation mchere ndi yakeyo. Chifukwa cha ankachita izi ndi zotayidwa mchere aumbike, ndi wa hydrogen adzamasulidwa (mu nkhani ya acid) kapena woterowu zitsulo ukonde (amene ali layamba kuposa ankaona). Ngati wachiwiri, ndi kuwonetseredwa kuchepetsa katundu monga tatchulazi. Chitsanzo chimodzi mogwirizana kwa zotayidwa ndi hydrochloric acid, mmene mankhwala enaake zitsulo zotayidwa likakhazikitsidwa komanso anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga, wa hydrogen. mtundu uwu anachita zinthu zosonyeza anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: + 2AІ 6NSІ = 2AІSІ3 + 3H2.

Chitsanzo cha zimene zimachitika aluminiyamu mchere mwina anachita ake ndi sulphate mkuwa. Kutenga zigawo ziwiri izi, Timalize ndi sulphate zotayidwa ndi mkuwa oyera amene amagwa mu mawonekedwe a precipitate a. Ndi zidulo monga sulfuric acid nitric, zotayidwa amachitira mwapadera. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kuchepetsa njira ya asidi nitrate zotayidwa mu chiŵerengero molar mbali zisanu ndi zitatu ndi mbali makumi asanu ndi atatu aumbike mwa nitrate zitsulo zigawo zitatu nitric okusayidi ndi khumi ndi asanu - madzi. The aone kuti pali zimene zinalembedwa motere: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Zimenezi zikachitika kokha pamaso kutentha.

Ngati yankho wosanganiza wa sulphate zotayidwa ndi asidi ofooka kufanana molar awiri kapena atatu, ndiye ife kupeza sulphate wa zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen pa chiŵerengero cha munthu zitatu. Kuti zichitike wamba M'MALO anachita, monga momwe zilili ndi zidulo ena. Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, ife azipereka anthu aone kuti pali: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Komabe, ndi njira kuikapo maganizo asidi yemweyo kovuta. Pano, monga ngati ndi nitrate, ndi zopangidwa aumbike, koma osati mu mawonekedwe okusayidi ndi mu mawonekedwe a sulfa ndi madzi. Ngati timatenga awiri tinkafunika chigawo chiŵerengero molar awiri kapena anayi, ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala mmodzi wa mchere wa zitsulo, ndi sulfure, komanso anayi - madzi. mankhwala anachita izi zikhoza anasonyeza mwa anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Komanso, zitsulo zotayidwa akhoza kutani ndi alkalis. Kuti kuchita zinthu ankachita mankhwala ayenera kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri a zitsulo, yofanana wa hydroxide ndi sodium kapena hydroxide potaziyamu komanso timadontho-timadontho asanu a madzi. Ici ulikubala zinthu monga sodium wochuluka kapena potaziyamu tetragidroksoalyuminat ndi wa hydrogen, amene anamasulidwa monga mpweya ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala mu kufanana molar awiri atatu. mankhwala anachita izi zikhoza ukufanizidwa ndi aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 2AІ + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AІ (o) 4] + 3H2.

Ndipo chinthu chotsiriza kuganizira chitsanzo cha mogwirizana ndi ena oxides zotayidwa. Nthawi zambiri ntchito mu nkhani - anachita Beketov. Iwo, monga ena ambiri kuchokera pamwamba, zichitika pa kutentha. Choncho, kukhazikitsa ayenera kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri pa Mfuko la zotayidwa ndi okusayidi ferrum. Mogwirizana kwa zinthu ziwiri izi kupeza aluminiyamu ndi ufulu chitsulo ndi kuchuluka kwa wina ndi awiri timadontho-timadontho motero.

Ntchito zitsulo makampani

Onani kuti ntchito zotayidwa - chodabwitsa sizachilendo. Choyamba, pamafunika makampani ndege. Pamodzi ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo magnesium, pali ntchito, ndipo pa maziko a kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo. Amene anganene kuti ndege pafupifupi 50% kasakaniza wazitsulo aluminiyamu galimoto yake - ndi 25%. Komanso, ntchito ya zotayidwa ikuchitika pa kupanga mawaya ndi zingwe chifukwa cha madutsidwe zake zabwino magetsi. Komanso, zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani magalimoto. zinthuzi zigwirizana mitembo ya magalimoto, mabasi, trolleybuses, trams ena, komanso magalimoto ochiritsira ndi sitima magetsi. Komanso, ntchito zake mwa ntchito zing'onozing'ono lonse, mwachitsanzo kwa kupanga ma CD chakudya ndi mankhwala ena, tableware. Kuti apange inki siliva wa ufa zitsulo chofunika. utoto chofunika pofuna kuteteza chitsulo ku dzimbiri. Tinganene kuti zotayidwa - wachiwiri ambiri ntchito zitsulo mafakitale pambuyo Ferrum. kugwirizana ndi iye ankakondanso makampani mankhwala a. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa mwa makamaka makhalidwe mankhwala zotayidwa, kuphatikizapo katundu kuchepetsa ndi mankhwala amphoteric. Hydroxide ankaona zinthu mankhwala zofunika ayeretsedwa ndi madzi. Komanso, ntchito mankhwala m'kati kupanga katemera. Izo zikhoza kupezeka zikuchokera mitundu ina ya pulasitiki ndi zina zipangizo.

Udindo mu chikhalidwe

Monga tafotokozazi, zitsulo zotayidwa lalikulu zedi mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. N'kofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo. Zotayidwa ndi yogwirira lamulo njira kukula, imagwiritsidwa zimakhala connective, monga fupa, ligamentous, ndi ena. Ndi njira micronutrient kusinthika kwa thupi zimakhala zopangidwa mofulumira. kuchepa ake amakhala ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kuwonongeka mu chitukuko ana ndi kukula, akuluakulu - kutopa, yafupika ntchito, mkhutu galimoto kuyenda, yafupika mlingo wa minofu kusinthika, chifooke minofu, makamaka malekezero. zodabwitsazi angayambe ngati kudya chakudya chochepa kwambiri ndi nkhani za izi amafotokozera kufufuza.

Komabe, vuto wamba ndi owonjezera zotayidwa mu thupi. Nthawi anati zizindikiro zimenezi: nkhawa, maganizo, matenda tulo, kuiwala, kuvutika maganizo, olimbikitsa a dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa, tingayambe fractures pafupipafupi ndi sprains. Yaitali owonjezera zotayidwa mu thupi kawirikawiri mavuto pafupifupi dongosolo chiwalo chilichonse.

Chotero chodabwitsa ndi zingachititse zifukwa zingapo. Izi makamaka zotayidwa cookware. Asayansi yaitali anasonyeza kuti mbale zopangidwa ndi zitsulo mu funso, si oyenera kuphika chakudya, monga pa kutentha kwa zotayidwa limalowera mu chakudya, ndi chifukwa udzadya zambiri elementi kufufuza kuposa zofuna thupi.

Chifukwa chachiwiri - ntchito zonse zodzoladzola kuti zili wa chitsulo kapena salt zake. Musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala aliwonse ayenera kuwerenga mosamala kapangidwe kake. Nazonso, ndi zodzoladzola.

Chifukwa chachitatu - utsogoleli wa mankhwala, amene ali zambiri zotayidwa, kwa nthawi yaitali. Komanso asamadye mavitamini ndi zowonjezera zakudya, kuphatikizapo microcell.

Tsopano tiyeni tione zimene mankhwala ali zotayidwa kusintha zakudya zanu ndiponso kulinganiza menyu molondola. Izi makamaka kaloti, kukonzedwa tchizi, tirigu, alum, mbatata. Zipatso mapichesi ndi mapeyala analimbikitsa. Komanso, zitsulo zotayidwa kulemera kabichi, mpunga, zitsamba ambiri. Komanso, wa cations chitsulo mwina analipo mu madzi akumwa. Kupewa mkulu kapena otsika zotayidwa zili mu thupi (ngakhale, monga aliyense kufufuza zinthu zina), muyenera mosamala kuwunika zakudya zawo ndi kuyesera kuti ndizipange izo chamagulu ngati nkotheka.