The katundu mankhwala aldehydes: zimene galasi siliva

Aldehydes ndi zinchito zotumphukira wa chimasanduka, imene dongosolo pali gulu NKHA (carbonyl gulu). Pakuti aldehydes yosavuta zazing'ono kale kusungidwa (mbiri) maina opangidwa kuchokera dzina zidulo carboxylic, amene n'kukhala aldehydes ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Ngati ife kulankhula za IUPAC nomenclature, maziko kutenga unyolo yaitali munali aldehyde gulu. Kuyambira analipo hydrocarbon unyolo opangidwa kuchokera mpweya atomu ya carbonyl gulu (NKHA), zomwe yokha amalandira udindo chiwerengero 1. waukulu hydrocarbon unyolo anawonjezera kuti mapeto a "Al". Popeza aldegidogruppa ili kumapeto unyolo, ndi numeral 1, ambiri kulemba. Isomerism isomerism mankhwala lili chifukwa hydrocarbon mafupa.

The aldehydes analandira mu njira zingapo: ndondomeko oxo, alkynes hydration, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi dehydrogenation wa alcohols. Kukonzekera aldehydes ku alcohols yaikulu amafuna zinthu zapadera, kuyambira kwaiye mankhwala organic mosavuta oxidized kuti asidi carboxylic. Aldehydes nawonso apanga ndi dehydrating ndi alcohols lolingana mu kukhalapo kwa mkuwa. Zazikulu njira mafakitale yopangira aldehydes ndi zochita za oxo kaphatikizidwe, ozikidwa pa zimene alkene ndi, C0 ndi H2 pamaso pa catalysts munali Co, pa kutentha madigiri 200 ndi mavuto 20 MPa. chimaposa Izi zimachitika mu madzi kapena gawo mpweya malinga chiwembu kuti: RCH = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (CH) 3C0H. Aldehydes angathe kukonzekera ndi chimasanduka hydrolysis digalogenoproizvodnyh. Pa m'malo a maatomu halogen pa magulu HA wa wapakatikati aumbike otchedwa heme-diol, amene akhala wosakhazikika ndipo angatembenuke mu pawiri carboxylic ndi Kupha H20.

Chuma mankhwala aldehydes - kuyankha khalidwe siliva. Pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a aldehydes mtima kwa asidi carboxylic (mwachitsanzo, S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Mu buku lililonse odzipereka mukhoza kupeza zimene siliva galasi anachita ntchito chizindikiritso cha aldehydes. Gulu la mankhwala organic akhoza oxidized osati ndi zochita za nthumwi yapadera oxidizing, koma pa yosungirako mchikakamizo cha mpweya oxygen. Omasuka ndi amene aldehydes oxidised kwa asidi carboxylic amaloledwa kukhala zochita Mkhalidwe (siliva galasi anachita) kuti mankhwala awa organic, zomwe zimathandiza kuti msanga ndi bwino kudziwa pamaso pa aldehyde mu njira anapatsidwa.

Pamene usavutike ndi njira ammoniacal wa okusayidi siliva kwa aldehyde asidi ndi oxidized. Pamene yafupika siliva zachitsulo ndi unayikidwa pa makoma chubu monga wosanjikiza mdima ndi gloss khalidwe - siliva galasi anachita. Tikumbukenso kuti pali zinthu zambiri zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi aldehydes, koma angathe kulowa zimene pamwamba. Pakuti chizindikiritso cha mankhwala awa ntchito limodzi Mkhalidwe anachita kwa aldehydes - mkuwa galasi anachita. Mu zimene aldehydes ndi Fehling reagent kukhala mtundu buluu (njira amadzimadzi hydroxide cupric, ndi soda ndi asidi tartrate salt) zamkuwa divalent yafupika monovalent. Choncho imagwera red-bulauni precipitate wa okusayidi cuprous.

Choncho, mmene ikuchitika zimene galasi siliva? Zingatanthauze kuti palibe chosavuta konzekera mokwanira mu mphika ammoniacal njira ya siliva ndi aliyense wa aldehydes ndi (mwachitsanzo, njira shuga kapena formaldehyde) koma njira imeneyi si nthawi zonse korona chigonjetso. Nthawi zina timaona mapangidwe wakuda kuyimitsidwa a siliva njira, mmalo mwa galasi ❖ kuyanika pa makoma a glassware ndi. ndi chifukwa chachikulu cholephera chiyani? 100 Chifukwa% m'pofunika kutsatira zinthu zimene bwino ndi kukonza pamwamba galasi.