Mankhwala Organic ndi gulu lawo

Gawo zachokera chiphunzitso cha mankhwala organic, kapangidwe mankhwala A. M. Butlerova. Mwadongosolo gulu - maziko a nomenclature sayansi. Ndiyamika, iye anakhala n'zotheka kupereka dzina iliyonse ya nkhani poyamba ankadziwika ndi latsopano organic, ntchito zilipo structural chilinganizo.

Makalasi a mankhwala organic

zinthu Organic anawagawira ndi makhalidwe zikuluzikulu ziwiri: ndi kutanthauzira ndi nambala ya magulu zinchito mu molekyulu ndi mpweya dongosolo chigoba.

Mpweya mafupa akuimira moiety kuti ndi mokwanira m'khola zochita zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. mankhwala Organic anawagawa m'magulu lalikulu, pamene kutenga nkhani kapangidwe maselo a organic.

mankhwala Acyclic (biosoedineniya mafuta kapena aliphatic pawiri). Izi mankhwala organic mu dongosolo la maselo monga molunjika kapena nthambi unyolo carboxylic.

Carbocyclic pawiri - mankhwala ndi chatsekedwa carboxylic unyolo - m'zinthu. biosoedineniya izi m'magulu: onunkhira alicyclic.

Heterocyclic masoka organic mankhwala - zinthu mu kapangidwe ka tinthu amene akumveka anapanga maatomu a carbon ndi maatomu a zinthu zina mankhwala (oxygen, Nayitrogeni, Sulfa) heteroatoms.

Mankhwala a mzera uliwonse (gulu) anawagawa m'magulu osiyana mankhwala organic. Organic zinthu za thupi kalasi ina anatsimikiza ndi kukhalapo mu molekyulu ake a magulu ena zinchito. Mwachitsanzo, makalasi a chimasanduka (a m'kalasi ya mankhwala organic amene alibe magulu zinchito), amines, aldehydes, phenols, zidulo carboxylic, ketones, alcohols, etc.

Kudziwa pawiri organic yoperekedwa kwa chiwerengero kalasi ndipo zimatulutsa mpweya mafupa kapena unyolo carboxylic (kugwirizana acyclic), ndi kuzungulira (carbocyclic pawiri) kapena phata (heterocyclic mankhwala). Kenako kudziwa kwake mu molekyulu zina atomiki magulu organic (zinchito), mwachitsanzo, hydroxyl - TIKANAKONDA carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy gulu - SH, etc. Gulu zinchito kapena magulu chimatanthauza biosoedineniya wachokera ku kalasi ina, thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wake waukulu. Kuyenera kuti aliyense gulu zinchito osati limatchula katundu izi, koma nawonso amakhudza maatomu ena kapena magulu a atomiki, kuyezetsa munthawi yomweyo ndi chikoka awo.

Ndi m'malo mwa maselo a acyclic ndi chimasanduka ozungulira kapena heterocyclic mankhwala a hydrogen atomu pa magulu osiyana zinchito anakonza mankhwala organic amene ali a kalasi ena. Pano pali magulu zinchito kuti kudziwa umembala pawiri wopanda feteleza kwa kalasi ina: chimasanduka RH, halogenated chimasanduka - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-NKHA-R2, alcohols ndi phenols R-o, asidi carboxylic - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic zidulo R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic mankhwala - R-Ine, mercaptans R-SH.

mankhwala Organic ndi mu dongosolo lawo maselo gulu zinchito, amatchedwa mankhwala organic ndi ntchito yosavuta, awiri kapena kuposa - mankhwala ndi ntchito losanganikirana. Zitsanzo za mankhwala organic ndi ntchito yosavuta kungakhale chimasanduka, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, zidulo carboxylic, mankhwala nitro, etc. Zitsanzo za mankhwala ndi ntchito wosanganiza kungakhale hydroxy, keto, etc.

Makamaka n'kofunika zovuta mankhwala bioorganic: mapuloteni, proteid, lipids, zidulo mkati chakudya, mamolekyulu imene ambiri magulu osiyana zinchito.