Heterocyclic mankhwala: nomenclature ndi gulu

Heterocyclic pawiri kalasi ya mankhwala organic mphete m'zinthu zomwe, kuwonjezera maatomu mpweya, lili maatomu enanso a zinthu zina mankhwala, otchedwa heteroatoms (Greek heteros - - ena, chachiwiri.): Mpweya (mwachitsanzo, furan ndi pyran), asafe (pyrrole ndi pyridine ), sulfure (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) etc.

The heterocycles popangidwa ndi maatomu awiri kapena kuposa mpweya ndi heteroatoms. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Bayer ndi kugonjetsedwa heterocycles kukhala pokha pokha anthu pamene kupatuka valencies maatomu kupanga mphete, ndi mbali zing'onozing'ono 109 ° 28 '. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri wosakhazikika mankhwala heterocyclic ndi heterocycles ndi atatu yaitali, imene ndi yaikulu mamolekyu otere kupatuka - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide Tioxide ethylene ndi ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles ndi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe. Zikuphatikizapo amino zidulo (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino zidulo (proline ndi hydroxyproline), ndi purine (adenine ndi guanine) ndi pyrimidine (thymine, uracil ndi cytosine) zapansi, biologically zofunika thunthu la nkhani wamoyo (heme, hemin, wotchedwa chlorophyll), alkaloids ( tiyi kapena khofi ndi atropine), mankhwala (penicillin, gramicidin C, wa streptomycin), mankhwala (norsulfazol ndi tiyi kapena khofi), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), mankhwala ndiponso (pyridine), chakudya, zidulo mkati mapuloteni, mahomoni, mavitamini, ndi ena ambiri zinthu zofunika.

Gawo la mankhwala

Gawo zachokera kapangidwe ka heterocycles mu molekyulu ake omwe mpweya maatomu amakondana ndi heteroatom (hetero) ndipo maatomu wa hydrogen. Heterocycles ndi ena ofanana awo m'magulu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa maatomu kupanga mphete (three-, yachinai, five-, zisanu ndi ziwalo, etc.). Gulu lililonse pali boma magulu ndi mmodzi, awiri kapena atatu maatomu hetero.

mankhwala Heterocyclic nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ndi nomenclature mbiri (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Kuyambira maina mbiri anapanga maina opangidwa kuchokera awo (pyridine-4-carboxylic asidi methylpyridine). Kusonyeza malo a substituent maatomu heterocycles chiwerengero. Manambala ikuchitika ndi maatomu hetero kapena kutanthauza makalata Greek a zilembo, kuyambira oyandikana mpweya atomu ndi heteroatom - Alpha, beta, Popanga madzi a gamma, etc.

Getorotsiklicheskie mankhwala: nomenclature

Pamene anangotchula mankhwala heterocyclic malinga ndi IUPAC nomenclature ankaona maatomu mu heterocycle ndi, matabwa ake, mayikidwe a substituents ndi zina (mwachitsanzo, furfural ali dzina mwadongosolo furan-2-carbaldehyde). Mayina a mankhwala heterocyclic anasonyeza mu njira Kumasulira kwa kukonzekera kwawo, katundu ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Pakuti heterocycles monga oxides (mwachitsanzo, ethylene okusayidi), anhydrides wa dibasic zimalimbikitsa zidulo carboxylic, etc. Mtendere wa heterocycles musanayambe zochitikazi zimadalira chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu heterocycle molekyulu wa heteroatoms ndi malo ake mu heterocycle lapansi. The osachepera kugonjetsedwa ndi heterocyclic mankhwala ongokhala m'zinthu atatu kapena anayi, amene mosavuta wosweka ndi kukhala acyclic mankhwala. Pali zambiri mankhwala heterocyclic, mamolekyulu m'zinthu za khola, mkombero ofanana benzenovogo pachimake. Ali choyambirira structural mchitidwe ambiri biosoedineny wa kufunika kwa makampani, mankhwala ndi Chowona Zanyama.

Kapangidwe ka Heterocyclic mankhwala

The katundu mankhwala a-ziwalo zisanu (thiophene ndi ena ofanana Hud) heterocycles chifukwa kukhalapo mu molekyulu awo PI-dongosolo la ma elekitironi muyeso, amene kumawonjezera aromaticity awo. Poyerekeza ndi benzene thiophene mosavuta amachitira electrophilic M'MALO.