Telescope - mwayi kuyang'ana mu dziko

N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti makinawa - izi ndi chipangizo kuwala kuti lakonzedwa kuyan'ana zakuthambo. Inde, ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kusonkhanitsa panamveka mu atomu cheza cha chinthu kutali ndi kupereka izo kuganizira, kumene fano lalikulu aumbike kapena nakweza chizindikiro amapangidwa. Masiku ano, pali wa telesikopu osiyana - kuchokera kunyumba, kumene mukhoza kupeza aliyense mkulu-cholondola, monga Mwachitsanzo, ngati "Hubble", akhoza kuyang'ana pa mamiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni a kuwala zaka kwambiri chilengedwecho ...

A mbiri pang'ono

Amakhulupirira kuti poyamba anaonekera mu 1609 ziwiri mandala zakutali anausankha Galileo Galilei. Komabe, siziri choncho. Chaka kale, wa ku Netherlands Iogann Lippersgey ankafuna Maluso chipangizo wopangidwa mwa mandala anaikapo mu chubu, limene iye anapereka dzina "zakutali", koma anakana chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa cha kamangidwe.

Poyambirira, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVI, ndi zakuthambo Thomas Digges anayesa penyani nyenyezi mwa kalirole concave ndi magalasi. Komabe, lingaliro simunabweretse kuti mapeto ake ndi zomveka. Galileo komanso ndinangopezeka "pa nthawi yoyenera mu malo abwino": Pamaso Lippersgeyya kumwamba, iye anapeza zimaphala ndi mapiri padziko Moon ndi zinthu zina zambiri zosangalatsa. Ndicho chifukwa chake iye ankaona zakuthambo oyambirira omwe makinawa. Izi wafunsira nyengo wa telesikopu refracting.

Mitundu zida kuwala

Kuwala telesikopu lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu mitundu akhoza kukhala ndi zofunika mtundu mchitidwe wosonkhanitsa kuwala pa galasi, mandala ndi galasi-mandala (kasakanizidwe) zida. Aliyense wa mitundu ubwino komanso kuipa, kotero posankha dongosolo abwino ayenera kuganizira mfundo zingapo: zikhalidwe ndi cholinga chidwi, pamene amafuna malo, kulemera ndi portability, mtengo ndi zina zotero. Tiyeni mwatsatanetsatane kumvetsa kuti telesikopu, ndipo kodi makhalidwe waukulu ndi otchuka mitundu yake. Kotero, izo zikuwoneka ngati zakutali ndi?

mandala refractor

telesikopu awa ntchito chiyerekezo disolo, omwe chifukwa kupindika ake anasonkhana kuwala. Monga zipangizo zina kuwala (makamera, microscopes, etc ...), onse magalasi anasonkhana pa chipangizo limodzi - disolo.

Panopa telesikopu refractory ali makamaka ntchito ndi Amateurs, monga masamu kuonerera kutseka yekha mapulaneti ndi Moon.

ubwino:

• yomanga osavuta, kudalirika ndi chomasuka ntchito.
• Pamafunika palibe yokonza wapadera.
• Kwambiri mtundu kubalana mu ntchito apochromatic ndi zabwino achromatic.
• Wangwiro ananena nyenyezi awiri, mlengalenga, Mwezi, makamaka pa apertures lalikulu.
• Fast matenthedwe olimba.
• Disolo sikutanthauza kusintha wina aliyense, popeza sewerolo ndi kusintha ngakhale pa ulimi.

kuipa:

• Poyerekeza ndi katadioptrikami ndipo amasonyeza ndi mtengo wapamwamba disolo awiri a pachikhalidwe ndi.
• Othandiza akuluakulu awiri a kabowo okha ndi mtengo ndi bulkiness.
• Chifukwa malamulo kabowo amakonda refractors zochepa oyenera kuona kutali, mdima zinthu.

Galasi kuwalitsa zakutali

Reflex zakutali - chipangizo kuwala, amene amachita ntchito ya kuwala kukolola mandala galasi. Galasi chachikulu ang'onoang'ono awiri (ozungulira) kapena lalikulu (parabolic).

ubwino:

• Poyerekeza ndi katadioptrikami ndi refractors kabowo awiri a mtengo unit n'chozama.
• Yaying'ono ndi yabwino zoyendera.
• Chifukwa kabowo ndi lalikulu, ndi lalikulu ntchito ndi kuyang'anila zinthu kutali ndi kukomoka: masango nyenyezi, nebulae, nyenyezi.
• No aberration chromatic. Images chowala, ndi kupotoza otsika

kuipa:

• Mu nthawi kutentha wakhala chofunika chifukwa cha galasi galasi chachikulu.
• Image pang'ono kupotoka chifukwa cha chitoliro lotseguka, mosadziteteza ndi mafunde ofunda mpweya ndi fumbi.
• Nthawi chofunika kalirole mayikidwe, lomwe pa ntchito kapena kayendedwe akhoza kutayika.

Galasi-mandala, kapena catadioptric

Catadioptric zakutali - chipangizo kuwala imene waponya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chithunzi kukhota chifukwa ntchito kalirole mu pamodzi ndi magalasi asinthe. Chifukwa chakuti kuwala zimaonekera mkati chubu kangapo, cholinga kungakhale yaitali. Ena zitsanzo amatha kugwila fano. Ngati ntchito imeneyi cholinga catadioptric zakutali, zithunzi zinamuyendera bwino ndithu.

ubwino:

• Kuwukonza aberrations waudindo wake.
• Wangwiro kuona zinthu zonse pafupi monga mwezi, ndi zinthu danga kwambiri.
• Chatsekedwa chubu maximally amateteza ku fumbi ndi utuluke ofunda mpweya.
• Poyerekeza amasonyeza ndipo refractors pa kabowo ofanana kusungidwa pazipita compactness.
• Poyerekeza ndi mtengo lalikulu kabowo refractor kwambiri m'munsi.

kuipa:

• Ndi yaitali matenthedwe olimba.
• wofanana ndi mtengo wa kabowo zazikulu kuposa amasonyeza lapansi.
• Self-mayikidwe zovuta chifukwa zovuta za kamangidwe.

Modern telesikopu danga

Bwerani kutali (kuyambira zakutali za m'ma XVII ndi kutha zimphona basi danga), makinawa watsegula mwayi waukulu kuphunzira usiku. Koma pali zinthu zambiri kuti kuteteza aliyense, ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri telesikopu pansi ofotokoza kuchita kafukufuku. Zina ndi monga onse zounikira ndi kugwedezekagwedezeka, ndi mitambo kwambiri banal. Yozungulira danga siteshoni pankhani imeneyi ndi mwayi waukulu, chifukwa ntchito usana ndi usiku mu zinthu zonse nyengo, kufalitsa zithunzi popanda kukhota aliyense mumlengalenga. Mmodzi wa okwerera awa - "Hubble" Space Telescope. Photos anajambulitsa Optics lake, bwinobwino kuti zinthu kutali kwambiri mu dziko lonse, anthu mabiliyoni makilomita kutali, kulola zakuthambo kupeza nyenyezi yatsopano, mayiko ndi nyenyezi.