Nkhani - cholinga ayi, kapena chenicheni?

Amadziwika kuti nkhani - gulu la anthu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza cholinga chenicheni yomwe ikusonyezedwa ndi mphamvu ya munthu, koma sadalira iwo alipo. Kanthu ndi anaikira mu yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zinthu, machitidwe ndi mitundu, komanso zoyenda zonse, ndi achilendo kudzimvera chitukuko, zomwe n'kukumana ndi maonekedwe a moyo ndipo amatha kuganiza za zinthu. Sizidzatha vuto palokha ndipo ali analamula gulu, akadali limodzi ku mitundu ya apaulendo.

Ngati tikambirana mitundu yaikulu ya kuli kanthu, tisaiwale kuti Chichewa ukutchula asanu a iwo:

1. thupi - atomu, yoweyula ndi minda yokoka, kachitidwe danga, etc ...

2. Chemical chikhalidwe - ma atomu, mamolekyu, macromolecular maofesi.

2. Tizilombo - ndi biosphere lonse, kuphatikizapo munthu.

3. Mawonekedwe chikhalidwe cha kuli kanthu - chimangidwe ndi anthu.

4. Mawotchi - gulu, mwachitsanzo kusintha malo a danga.

Komabe, nkhani - mankhwala kuti si njira izi aliko, chifukwa mu dziko pali mitundu ina khalidwe cholinga chenicheni. Zikuphatikizapo nthawi ndi malo. Nthawi anasonyeza ndondomeko ya njira thupi, nthawi yawo komanso dongosolo la kusintha mzake. Danga Kapembedzedwe kameneka ndi coexistence zinthu kapena remoteness awo ndi mzake, komanso malo ake awo kwa wina ndi mzake.

Choncho, kuganizira mawonekedwe aliyense angakhoze kutenga mankhwala, izi wapadera katundu wa nkhaniyi:

1. Neugasaemost mu nthawi ndi malo malire, chifukwa nkhani alibe chiyambi ndi mapeto.

2. wopitiriza chitukuko, komanso kusintha kwa boma wina ndi mzake, zimene zikusonyeza mphamvu yake kutuluka mu mawonekedwe osiyana pa nkhani ya kutha kwa ena za mtundu wake.

3. Kupezeka kwa causality, ndiye malingana ndi maonekedwe a zinthu ndi zochitika ziti kunja.

4. Poganizira, amene ali pano mu njira zonse zikuchitika ndipo zimadalira pa makhalidwe awo. Mawonekedwe apamwamba a chinyezimiro akuti ndi umboni maganizo.

Kuchokera pa katundu awa allocated malamulo a ntchito nzeru za dialectic, sayansi ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi.

Choncho, nkhani - chinthu yodziwika ndi kusatsatira, ndi ndipo mwamtheradi.

Mu chiphunzitso chirichonse nthanthi ali ndi tanthauzo lakelake la "kanthu" wa lingaliro, ichi ndi chifukwa kufufuza yankho la funso cha chimene woyamba, iye kapena chikumbumtima. ziphunzitso Idealist kukana linakhalapo cholinga, ena kuteteza maganizo akuti nkhani kwaiye mzimu, akufotokozera ndi amalenga dziko zakuthupi. Komabe, nzeru za chimasiyanitsa nkhaniyi, osati monga zenizeni chuma, koma monga lonse la chilengedwe zomwe amachita monga mfundo cholinga, ndipo ali mbali ya padziko lonse.

Choncho, pali magawo atatu a kusanduka kwa "nkhani" wa lingaliro, amene yodziwika ndi zotsatirazi tanthauzo lake: chinthu, katundu ndi maganizo. Gawo loyamba zokhudzana ndi kufufuza za chinthu makamaka amene ali mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa onse alipo mu dziko. mfundo imeneyi anali kutumikira monga gawo lapansi, mwachitsanzo, madzi kapena mpweya. Mu chikhalidwe cha zinthu zina kumachepetsa osati pamaso pa gawo lapansi monga pamaso pa katundu wina, mwachitsanzo, thupi, amene chonyamulira amachita dongosolo kumatanthauza wosazindikira kanthu (maatomu, zinthu, etc.). M'kupita kwa nthawi, kusintha mfundo za mfundo imeneyi. Komanso, nkhani - mankhwala omwe, kumvera ziwalo, akhoza kuchititsa zomverera zina. Choncho, ili mukuimira munthu wa gulu nthanthi ndi kuti cholinga chenicheni kuti alipo payekhapayekha chikumbumtima anthu, koma iwo anasonyeza.