Ndondomekozi majini konsekonse

Ndondomekozi majini - chapadera kubisa cholowa mudziwe ntchito mamolekyulu zidulo mkati. Kuchokera pa ichi chokhudza nkhani majini suitably ankalamulira kaphatikizidwe mapulotini michere m'thupi, potero liwulo kagayidwe. Nayenso kapangidwe ka mapuloteni munthu komanso ntchito zawo chifukwa cha malo ndi zikuchokera amino zidulo - ndi mayunitsi structural ya mapuloteni molekyulu.

Mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza wakhala kuzindikiridwa majini, lomwe ndi mbali zosiyana za deoxyribonucleic acid (chidule - DNA). Maulalo Nucleotides mu mawonekedwe a DNA mamolekyulu khalidwe awiri timafupa anasonkhana mu mawonekedwe a mwauzimu ndi.

Asayansi apeza ubale pakati majini ndi dongosolo mankhwala mapulotini munthu, ndicho chomwe chakuti dongosolo structural wa kwa amino zidulo mu mamolekyulu mapuloteni wolingana ndendende dongosolo la nucleotides mu mbewu ya. Popeza anakhazikitsa ubwenzi ofufuza anaganiza kumvetsa malamulo chibadwa, ie, kukhazikitsa malamulo a zogwirizana kuti structural wa nucleotides mu DNA ndi kwa amino zidulo mu mapuloteni.

Pali mitundu anayi okha nucleotides:

1) A - adenine;

2) G - guanine;

3) T - thymidylic;

4) D - cytidylic.

Kapangidwe ka mitundu makumi awiri kwa amino zidulo zofunikira zomanga thupi m'gulu. Ndi chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti pa malamulo chibadwa, panali mavuto chifukwa nucleotides yochepa kwambiri kuposa aminoskislot. Pothetsa vuto limeneli, iwo amanena kuti amino zidulo ndi ndiyotengera ndi osakaniza osiyanasiyana nucleotides atatu (wotchedwa codon kapena triplet).

Ngati ife kuwerengera ma onse amene alipo atatu idzakhala 64, mwachitsanzo katatu kuposa kwa amino zidulo - likukhalira ndi atatu owonjezera.

Komanso, kunali koyenera kuwafotokozera mmene atatu zili pamodzi jini lapansi. Choncho pali magulu atatu waukulu mfundo:

1) atatu kutsatira mzake mosalekeza, i.e. kupanga kachidindo mosalekeza;

2) atatu imakonzedwa alternately "tanthauzo" zigawo, i.e. anapanga otchedwa "koma" ndi "ndime" code;

3) atatu mwina alipo, i.e. mapeto a triplet woyamba akhoza kupanga chiyambi cha lotsatira.

Pakali pano makamaka amagwiritsa chiphunzitso cha ndondomekozi ndi kupitiriza.

Majini malamulo ndi katundu

1) triplet kachidindo - tichipeza ma umasinthasintha ya nucleotides zitatu kupanga codons.

2) Ndondomekozi kumtundu kuthetsa - ndi zotsatira za triplet wake. Wina kwa amino asidi akhoza ndiyotengera ndi codon kuposa wina monga codon pa masamu, katatu kuposa kwa amino zidulo. Zingapo kuchotsa codons kuchita zinthu zina: ena angakhale "amasiya chizindikiro" amene analinganiza kupanga mathero kwa amino asidi unyolo, pamene ena akuimira mwambo wa Werengani code.

3) Ndondomekozi kumtundu lomveka - lililonse codon akhoza agwirizane chimodzi chokha kwa amino acid.

4) Chibadwa kachidindo ali collinearity, i.e. ndi nyukiliotayidi acid kwa amino ndondomeko bwino kulingana ndi mzake.

5) m'ndondomeko ndi olembedwa mosalekeza ndi yaying'ono, "zamkhutu" nucleotides zikusowa. Umayamba ndi liwulo ndi triplet, lomwe zatha izi yosayima komanso limatha ndi kuthetsedwa codon.

6) Ndondomekozi kumtundu chilengedwe - majini chilichonse chamoyo encode mapulotini chimodzimodzi. Iwo sadalira pa mlingo cha kapangidwe wa gulu la chamoyo kapena kachitidwe kachirombo.

sayansi yamakono zikusonyeza kuti malamulo a majini ukapezeka pomwepo pa kubadwa kwa chamoyo latsopano la nkhani fupa. kusintha mwachisawawa ndi njira ya kusanduka kupanga zotheka aliyense malamulo options, mwachitsanzo amino zidulo akhoza interchanged kuti aliyense. Chifukwa pakapita kusanduka lidakalipobe chimodzimodzi mtundu uwu code, chifukwa malamulo ndi chilengedwe ndipo ali ndi dongosolo ofanana? The sayansi zambiri amaphunzira za chodabwitsa malamulo chibadwa, m'pamenenso pali zovuta latsopano.