Mkuwa miyala. Lothandiza mu mbiri ya anthu

Mmodzi wa zitsulo choyamba, amene waphunzira ntchito munthu anali amkuwa, kapena Latin Cuprum (Cu). udindo wake mu chitukuko cha chitukuko anthu sangathe kukokomeza: a lothandiza lonse mu mbiri lotchedwa "Mkuwa Age" (mkuwa - ndi aloyi malata ndi mkuwa). Landirani ichi okongola ndi malleable zitsulo (mkuwa mtundu - golide pinki) anaphunzira BC. Mawu "bornite", "chalcopyrite", "chalcocite", "covelline", "enargite", "cuprite" zikumveka ngati dzina la chinachake chapadera, koma kwenikweni zotchedwa ena mwa mkuwa mwankhanza ores. Chitsime cha chitsulo ichi anali amkuwa miyala.

Mu chikhalidwe, Cuprum kungakhale mu mawonekedwe a yokha ndi mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mkuwa ores, zomwe zikuchokera akhoza kugawidwa mu sulfide, oxidized ndi kusakaniza. Childs mkuwa miyala ndi zovuta, muli zinthu zina zambiri ndi mankhwala - sulfides wa patsogolo, nthaka, faifi tambala ndi zinthu zina. Komanso, kapangidwe kake, pali kufufuza zinthu - selenium, tellurium, cadmium, indium, ndi zina zotero. Pa mtengo wa zitsulo awa si zosakwana 50% a Cuprum, yotengedwa kuchokera mu thanthwe.

The zambiri ntchito sulfide chikukhudza Cu pawiri ndi sulfure ores. Nkosafuna kupanga mkuwa tichipeza magawo angapo osiyana. The njira yaikulu zokolola zake ndi pyrometallurgical.

Childs mkuwa miyala lili ndi zazing'ono kuchuluka kwa Cuprum, kotero zimasokoneza kale pansi patsogolo. Chifukwa chaichi ndi pulverized, wothira madzi ndi chenicheni yapadera, ndipo kenako anaikidwa makina asamire. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, particles sulphide adzauka pamwamba monga thovu ndi adatengedwa ndi zinyalala zikukhazikitsa pansi.

Siteji yotsatira processing zimafunika miyala mkuwa, amatchedwa "ankayengera kuti matte." Kuti maganizo lidawonjezeredwa osakaniza mchenga ndi mkangano mpaka kutentha zitsulo kusungunuka. Woterowo kukhudzana sulfure ndi oxidized kuti okusayidi sulfure, ndi achitsulo Akusonkhanitsa pansi pa ng'anjo. Sungunulani Izi anazitsanulira mwa Converter ndi lotengeka ndi mphepo. Motero, chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfure analandira mkuwa zachitsulo, wothiridwa mu zisamere pachakudya. Pa yozizira ingots izi (zimene zili Cu ndi 98%) adzamasulidwa woipa sulfure. Izo Akusonkhanitsa ndipo kenako anagwiritsa ntchito monga feedstock kwa yopanga asidi sulfuric.

Kupeza kufunika zitsulo chiyero mkuwa yosakongola ayenera pansi kuyenga. Ndi mitundu iwiri - moto, kapena electrodeposition. Kuyenga akhoza kukhala ndi zitsulo wolemekezeka ili chifukwa chithuza mkuwa.

Moto kuyenga ikuchitika ng'anjo wapadera, electrolysis ikuchitika osambira alimbane kutsogolera kapena vinilu pulasitiki.

Pakuti moto zo ndi billet chifukwa wapatsidwa m'ng'anjo yamoto; wosungunuka. Ndiye kuyamba kuonekeratu mpweya kudzera zitsulo madzi. Mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni zosafunika ndi akudutsa mu slag, ndi ena ndi sublimated ndi atachotsedwa mpweya ng'anjo. Oxidized komanso Cuprum. zitsulo zonse wolemekezeka kukhalabe Sungunulani. Kuchira oxidized mkuwa akupezeka mogwirizana ndi mpweya gwero umene protrude mpweya osakaniza paromazutnaya ndi T. D. opareshoni amenewa amatchedwa kuyabwa mkuwa. Choncho Cu ndi anachira mpweya matabwa. Ndiye ingot kuponyera kapena anode mbale wapadera kuyenga electrolytic.

Ndi electrolysis Refiners agwiritsa ntchito ngati kumene mkuwa ndi ntchito makampani magetsi, kapena pamene muli wambirimbiri zitsulo wolemekezeka (siliva, golide, pulatinamu).

Mu electrolysis kusamba wodzazidwa ndi electrolyte, izo aikidwa mu mkuwa woyengedwa bwino ngati anode ndi cathode monga Cu woyenga bwino, ndipo masiku ano anadutsa kusamba. Chifukwa, cathode unayikidwa pa zitsulo koyera (chiyero - mpaka 99,95%).