The lamulo la ntchito za michere ndi njira zawo

Monga gulu la nkhani wamoyo, amene umagwira ntchito ngati ya kachitidwe lotseguka zamoyo selo nthawi zonse zoyankhulirana ndi kunja chilengedwe chinthu ndi mphamvu. Kukhalabe homeostasis mmenemo ndi gulu la zinthu zapadera mapuloteni chikhalidwe - michere. Kapangidwe, ntchito ndi lamulo la zochitika za michere aphunzira nthambi sayansi wapadera, enzymology otchedwa. M'nkhani ino, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo konkire, tikambirana njira zosiyanasiyana ndi njira malamulo ntchito za michere chibadidwe nyama apamwamba ndi anthu.

The Nzofunikira pa ntchito mulingo woyenera enzyme

wothandizila biologically yogwira ntchito kusankha bwanji onse kuloŵerera anachita ndi pogawanikana pamawere kuonetsa katundu othandizira ku maselo akamaziwononga. Mwachitsanzo, ndikofunika tikupeza mu gawo la selo inadzachitika njira mankhwala, imene imakhudza michere. Chifukwa compartmentation (gulu la cytoplasm kuti malo) ankatsutsa zochita zimachitika mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi organelles.

Choncho, kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ikuchitika mu ribosomes ndi pogawanikana pamawere awo - mu hyaloplasm. Ma ntchito lamulo la michere yomwe catalyze zochita amuzolengedwa anyamata, amapereka osati mlingo mulingo woyenera otaya kagayidwe, komanso kumathandiza mapangidwe mphamvu achabechabe njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

multienzyme zovuta

Kandalama, ndi zinchito gulu la ma enzyme, ndi enzymatic mitundu wagawo maselo. Ambiri mwa zochita mankhwala kuti chichitike mu izo zogwirizana. Ngati mu multistage mankhwala ndondomeko mankhwala a zimene woyamba ndi reactant kuti, mu nkhani iyi, makonzedwe okhudza malo a michere mu selo anasonyeza makamaka kwambiri.

Kumbukirani kuti michere ngokhoza yosavuta kapena mapuloteni zovuta. Ndipo tilinazo awo magawo ma chifukwa kwenikweni kusintha okhudza malo yake kasinthidwe a ukachenjede kapena quaternary Kapangidwe ka peputayidi lapansi. Michere ndi anatani kusintha osati mu magawo ma monga mipweya hyaloplasm, ambiri reactants ndi mankhwala anachita, kutentha, komanso kusintha kwa maselo wapafupi kapena madzimadzi extracellular.

Chifukwa selo ogaŵikana makontena

Wololera komanso lomveka chipangizo zinyama chabe chodabwitsa. Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito kwathunthu kwa mawonetseredwe moyo khalidwe la selo. Kuti wasayansi sayansi momveka bwino kuti multidirectional enzymatic mankhwala zochita, mwachitsanzo kaphatikizidwe wa glycolysis ndi shuga sangathe chitani mu chubu chomwecho. Nanga zosiyana akupezeka hyaloplasm anachita selo limodzi lokha, ndilo gawo lapansi chifukwa cha khalidwe lawo? Iwo likukhalira kuti ma nkhani - ndi cytosol, - mmene mankhwala zako ankatsutsa akutsatiridwa spatially olekanitsidwa ndi mitundu akutali loci - zipinda. Chifukwa zochita zawo kagayidwe kachakudya nyama apamwamba ndi anthu malamulo makamaka ndendende, ndi mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya akusinthika mu mawonekedwe, mosavuta likulowerera kufyola mu za malo selo. Kenako, kubwezeretsa dongosolo wapachiyambi. Kuwonjezera cytosol, ndi michere ali organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, phata, lysosomes.

Udindo wa michere mu kagayidwe mphamvu

Taganizirani decarboxylation pa zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa pyruvate. Lamulo la zochitika othandizira wa michere wakhala bwino kuphunzira enzymology. Izi ndondomeko amuzolengedwa chimachitika mitochondria wa - organelles dvumembrannyh maselo eukaryotic - ndi ndondomeko wapakatikati pakati pa anoxic akuwaza shuga ndi a Krebs mkombero. Pyruvate dehydrogenase zovuta - PDH - lili ndi atatu enzyme. Mu nyama apamwamba ndi anthu kuchepetsa ake chikuchitika ndi kuwonjezeka ndende ya acetyl-CoA ndi NATH, mwachitsanzo mu nkhani ya zina mwayi wochita maphunziro mamolekyulu wa acetyl-CoA. Ngati khungu ayenera mbali zambiri za mphamvu ndipo amafuna mamolekyulu latsopano acceptor kwa zochita amveke tricarboxylic mkombero asidi, michere ndi adamulowetsa.

ndi allosteric chopinga Kodi

Lamulo la ntchito za michere angathe kuchitidwa ndi zinthu zapadera - othandizira zoletsa. Iwo akhoza covalently zogwirizana yeniyeni loci enzyme, anyalanyaza malo ake yogwira. Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu mapindikidwe okhudza malo a dongosolo la chothandizira ndi basi kumatanthauza kuchepetsa katundu enzymatic. M'mawu ena, pali allosteric lamulo la zochitika enzyme. Ifenso kuwonjezera kuti mawonekedwe othandizira kanthu chibadidwe michere oligomeric, i.e. amene mamolekyulu zigwirizana subunits awiri kapena kuposa polymeric mapuloteni. PDH-zovuta zomwe zakambidwa mu mutu wapitawo ali lili chabe atatu oligomeric enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase, ndi dehydrogenase ndi degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

michere zolimbana

Research mu Enzymology anakhazikitsa chakuti mlingo wa zochita mankhwala zimatengera onse pa ndende ndi ntchito chothandizira ndi. Nthawi zambiri, akuluakulu kagayidwe kachakudya njira muli michere kuti zonse mlingo anachita pa malo ake onse.

Iwo amatchedwa zolimbana ndi zambiri bwanji zimene koyamba zovuta, ndipo amatha kuchita nawo kwambiri njira mankhwala pang'onopang'ono mu anachita sizingasinthe, kapena kujowina reactants pa mfundo nthambi mu njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

Kodi mogwirizana peputayidi

Njira imodzi imene lamulo la zochitika enzyme amapezeka mu khungu ndi anzake mapuloteni-mapuloteni. Ndi chiyani icho? mapulotini zolimbana ndi ophatikizidwa kuti molekyulu enzyme, umene kutsegula awo. Mwachitsanzo, adenylate cyclase enzyme ili pamwamba lamkati la selo nembanemba ndi mwina kucheza ndi nyumba monga timadzi cholandilira ndi peputayidi oyenerera pakati ndi enzyme. Popeza chifukwa pawiri timadzi cholandilira amasintha mapuloteni wapakatikati okhudza malo chitsimikiziro, njira imeneyi utithandize katundu othandizira wa adenylate cyclase mu sayansi amatchedwa "kutsegula chifukwa inalowa zolimbana mapuloteni."

Protomers ndi udindo wawo sayansi

Gulu la zinthu, mwinamwake otchedwa mapuloteni kinases, imathandizira kulanda wa anion PO ₄ ^3- gidroksogrupp kwa amino asidi ndiwe wa peputayidi macromolecule. Lamulo la ntchito za michere protomers tidzakambirana ndi ife chitsanzo cha mapuloteni kinase A. molekyulu - tetramer wapangidwa ndi awiri othandizira ndi awiri subunits zolimbana ndi peputayidi sichikugwira ntchito chothandizira bola ngati zolimbana Chigawo protomer Ufumuyo zinayi msasa molekyulu. Zimenezi zimachititsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe okhudza malo mapulotini zolimbana, imbaenda amasulidwe awiri othandizira particles adamulowetsa mapuloteni, i.e. dissociation protomers. Ngati wolekana subunits zolimbana mwa msasa molekyulu, mapuloteni kinase anafooka zovuta kachiwiri kuwapatsanso tetramer, monga amapezeka Association othandizira ndi zolimbana peputayidi particles. Choncho, njira lamulo la zochitika enzyme zafotokozedwa pamwambapa kupereka chikhalidwe chawo kusintha.

Chemical lamulo la zochitika enzyme

Sayansi ndi kuphunzira njira imeneyi ya lamulo la zochitika enzyme, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. Limagwirira cha lamulo la zochitika enzyme Pankhaniyi ali mawonekedwe zotsatirazi: zatsalira asidi kwa amino wa enzyme munali HA ^-, kusintha mankhwala kusinthidwa awo chifukwa kukhudzana fosfoproteinfosfataz. Pankhaniyi, kudzudzula amenable kuti malo yogwira enzyme, ndi mmene michere pa zifukwa zina ndi mphamvu iwo ndi kwa ena - ochepetsera. fosfoproteinfosfataz katundu othandizira eni malamulo ndi mahomoni nayenso. Mwachitsanzo, wowuma nyama - glycogen - ndi mafuta pakati chakudya unagwa kapepala kakuti m'mimba, kapena yeniyeni, mu duodenum mchikakamizo cha glucagon - pancreatic enzyme.

Zimenezi kumatheka chifukwa phosphorylation wa michere trophic m'mimba. Mu nthawi yogwira chimbudzi pamene chakudya akulowa kuchokera m'mimba mu duodenum ndi, glucagon kaphatikizidwe kumatheka. Insulin - wina pancreatic enzyme imatulutsidwa ndi maselo Alefa wa Zilumba za Langerhans, - interacts ndi lilime, kuphatikizapo phosphorylation wa limagwirira womwewo wa michere m'mimba.

tsankho proteolysis

Monga mukuonera, kuchuluka kwa lamulo la zochitika enzyme selo zosiyanasiyana. Kwa michere kuti muli kunja kwa cytosol kapena organelles (mu madzi a m'magazi kapena kapepala kakuti m'mimba), njira kutsegula ndi ndondomeko hydrolysis wa peputayidi nsinga NKHA-NH. Ndi chofunika, kuyambira michere amenewa apanga mu mawonekedwe kulalikira. Molekyulu ndi lamamatira ndi puloteni peputayidi gawo ndi yotsala umamumvera kusinthidwa kwa kapangidwe ka malo yogwira. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti enzyme "zikuphatikizapo chikhalidwe ntchito", ndiye, akhoza kusonkhezera zochita za ndondomeko mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, anafooka enzyme pancreatic trypsinogen osati cleaves mapuloteni chakudya kulowa duodenum. Pamafunika pansi zochita za proteolysis enteropeptidase. Kenako enzyme ndi adamulowetsa ndipo tsopano limatchedwa trypsin. Tsankho proteolysis - ndondomeko ndi kusintha. Zimachitika milandu monga kutsegula kwa michere kuti kuphwanya polypeptides mu clotting magazi.

Ntchito ya ndende ya zipangizo kuyambira mu kagayidwe cha ndende

Lamulo la ntchito za enzyme gawo lapansi kupezeka ankaona mwina anakumana subtitle "multienzyme zovuta." Mlingo wa zochita othandizira zikuchitika mu magawo angapo, amadalira kwambiri chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu nkhani kuyambira ndi maselo hyaloplasm kapena organelles. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti liwiro njira kagayidwe kachakudya ndi mwachindunji njila kwa ndende ya chuma poyambira. The reactant mamolekyulu ikuluikulu yomwe ili mu cytosol, ndi apamwamba liwiro wotsatira zochita zonse mankhwala.

allosteric lamulo

Michere amene amachita ankalamulira osati ndende ya kuyambira zipangizo, reagents, komanso effector zinthu, yodziwika ndi zotchedwa allosteric lamulo. Ambiri a michere awa anapatsidwa mankhwala wapakatikati a kagayidwe mu khungu. Chifukwa effectors ndi akuyendera lamulo la zochitika enzyme. Sayansi anasonyeza kuti mankhwala awa, wotchedwa allosteric michere kwambiri chifukwa kagayidwe maselo, monga iwo ndi tilinazo kwambiri mkulu kusintha homeostasis ake. Ngati enzyme kumabwezera mmbuyo ndi mankhwala anachita, mwachitsanzo amachepetsa liwiro lake - iwo akutchedwa effector zoipa (woletsa). Pankhani anyamata, pamene pali kuwonjezeka mlingo anachita, izo zifika pa activator - ndi effector positive. Nthawi zambiri zipangizo yoyambira, i.e. wa reactants adalowa ankachita mankhwala kuimba activators udindo. Kumene, mankhwala popangidwa ndi zochita multistage zinthu monga zoletsa. Mtundu wa lamulo inamangidwa pa ubale wa ndende ya reactants ndi mankhwala otchedwa heterotrophic.