Gravimetric njira ya kusanthula: lingaliro, mitundu ndi mbali

Kodi mbali kusiyanitsa njira amakhala ndi kusanthula gravimetric? Tiyeni tione chikhalidwe chake ndi mitundu.

kulunjika

njira Gravimetric zachokera kusanthula chilamulo cha kusamala misa zinthu ndi zikuchokera zonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, akuchokera zolondola misa muyeso wa mbali anakhumba, amene analandira monga pawiri ndi yodziwika mipweya. Gravimetric kusanthula njira m'magulu zazikulu zitatu: distillation, m'zigawo, mpweya.

The njira ya kudzipatula

Bukuli lili m'zigawo za analyte anafuna mankhwala chigawo boma ufulu ndi wotsatira wake yeniyeni masekeli. Mwachitsanzo, njira gravimetric kwa kuwunika kachulukidwe zimathandiza kudziwa kulemera zili phulusa mu mafuta olimba. Pakuti anapezazo ndi kulemedwa mbiya, combusted chitsanzo cha mafuta m'menemo, phulusa chifukwa pamiyeso. Ndi kulemera kwa wotsala, ntchito chilinganizo misa nusu ya mankhwala kachulukidwe index kuchita masamu mu kusakaniza.

distillation

Njira imeneyi kusanthula - okhutira gravimetric, monga masamu kumatanthauza kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa chigawo monga pawiri gaseous ndi wotsatira masekeli a zotsalira olimba. Njira imeneyi tingadziwire mnyontho zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuwerengera zili kachulukidwe mu madzi omwe amaoneka a crystallization. Kuchita mawerengedwe zimenezi, poyamba kudziwa misa ya ankaona nyemba zakuthupi osankhidwa. Ndiye kwathunthu kuchotsedwa therefrom chigawo chimodzi kumatanthauza. Kusiyana kulemera pamaso kuyanika kapena calcination ndipo pambuyo misa ndi zimadziŵika mankhwala moiety. Malinga ndi chilinganizo cha misa kachigawo ikuchitika kuwerengetsera kachulukidwe.

mafunsidwe Kadyedwe Kake

Kodi njira ya kusanthula? Gravimetric njira mafunsidwe zachokera mpweya kachulukidwe wa ion namfunsa ngati chinthu mouma sungunuka ndi yeniyeni mipweya. The precipitate chifukwa anali osasankhidwa, kuchapa zouma ndiyeno calcined. Pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa madzi kulemedwa. Kudziwa unyinji wa precipitate, akhoza kuwerengera zili kachulukidwe mu nyemba mamolekyulu kapena ayoni wa chigawo ankafuna.

Zimafunika mpweya mu kusanthula gravimetric

Ndipo komabe - chomwe gravimetric kusanthula njira? zikuluzikulu mu njira kugwirizana ndi mafunsidwe a ndondomeko mpweya. Kulondola zopezera zotsatira kusanthula mwachindunji amadalira mankhwala zikuchokera thunthu, precipitate dongosolo chiyero. Komanso anapezazo yogwirizana ndi khalidwe keke pa kuyanika ndi calcining. Nthawi zambiri kusintha mipweya ya sludge chifukwa pa calcining ake. Waikamo mtundu wotchedwa zikuchokera mankhwala a precipitate chifukwa.

njira Basic kumafuna kusanthula gravimetric kuti wodziwitsidwa chifukwa zolondola. N'chifukwa chake kukula ndi mawonekedwe a matope ndi waikamo zofunika kuzikwaniritsa.

1. Iwo ayenera solubility osachepera, ndi Choncho - kukhala insoluble mankhwala pawiri.
2. Izo ziyenera kupanga timibulu lalikulu. Pankhaniyi palibe mavuto ndondomeko kusefera, chifukwa iwo alibe kuononga pores. Mu timibulu lalikulu padziko yaing'ono, iwo adsorbed pa liwiro osachepera njira alipo, n'zosavuta kuti asambe. Amorphous mpweya wa hydroxide zachitsulo (3) The wodetsedwa adsorbed popanda mavuto, amakhala ovuta kusamba kwa otsiriza, imathandiza pawiri izi pang'onopang'ono.
3. Kwathunthu ndi mu nthawi yochepa kuti padutse nthawi mu maonekedwe yokoka.

Zofunika mawonekedwe a Mphamvu

Tiyeni tione njira gravimetric a kuwunika. Akamanena za njira - kuti n'kofunika molondola. mawonekedwe Gravimetric ayenera chimafotokozera mankhwala chilinganizo ntchito kuwerengera zili zikuluzikulu yeniyeni chitsanzo. The calcined precipitate pa yozizira ndi masekeli njira sayenera kuyamwa nthunzi ya madzi mpweya, kapena kuti achire oxidized. Ngati sludge ali ofanana maonekedwe, unali n'kukhala ndi mawonekedwe khola, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Mwachitsanzo, kuwerengera kachigawo misa kashiamu carbonate mu zipangizo, kuumba gravimetric kashiamu okusayidi angathe kungolandira mpweya woipa komanso madzi, ndi kutembenukira ku sulphate calcium. Kuti precipitate izi calcined amaliona ndi chidulo cha safuriki, kusunga kutentha ulamuliro (500 ° C).

Ziwiya kufufuza

Kodi muyenera kuchita njira yotero ya kusanthula? Gravimetric chimake zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo mankhwala wapadera miyeso lalikulu. Apa ntchito zikho woonda-mipanda zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nyuzi, ndodo galasi, ola galasi, crucibles zadothi, mabokosi galasi. Gravimetric ndi titrimetric kusanthula njira idzagwiritsa ntchito muli woyera yekha kuti asalakwitse chilichonse mu kuwerengetsera. mawanga youma kapena madontho akusonyeza pamaso padziko galasi zigawo zikuluzikulu mafuta. Chamvula adzakhala kutsatira wosanjikiza izi zikanabweretsa kutengerapo zovuta zonse kuti sefa. Njira ya njira gravimetric kumafuna kusamala dishwashing detergents. Kuti kuyeretsa zadothi crucibles ntchito otentha kuchepetsa acid amathiridwa, ndiye osakaniza njira chromic. Iwo m'pofunika kuyamba ntchito akayaka chidebe woyera.

Zipangizo kufufuza

chimasiyanitsa Kodi njira gravimetric a kuwunika? Akamanena za njira - mu mtima kachulukidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu m'nkhaniyo. The zipangizo adzafuna kufufuza zimenezi, zikufanana ndi zomwe ntchito mu kusanthula Mkhalidwe. Magawo othandiza chofunika osambira madzi, Triangles dongo mauvuni, mbiya mbano, muffle ng'anjo, woyatsa mpweya. Pakuti calcination mu mpweya woyatsa zadothi crucibles Triangles ntchito, zopangidwa machubu zadothi anabzala pa gawo lapansi zitsulo. Sankhani kansalu kukula izi kwa mutuluka mbiya pa kutalika lachitatu. Crucibles anadzetsa ng'anjo ntchito forceps yaitali kukhala mosabisa, upwardly yokhota kumapeto malekezero. Sayenera kumizidwa sludge lapansi. Isanafike ntchito malekezero a forceps mwayeretsa, calcined mu mpweya burner kapena ng'anjo. Desiccators ntchito yozizira calcined kapena mkangano zinthu kwa firiji. Ndi nkhungu-mipanda galasi chotengera amene anatseka pansi chivundikirocho. The mmunsi mwa desiccator ladzala ndi chinthu hygroscopic:

• zidutswa za okusayidi kashiamu;
• phosphorous okusayidi (5);
• moyikirapo sulfuric acid.

chidulo cha safuriki zimatenga chinyezi. Kugwira ntchito ndi desiccator, ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti mbali pa nthaka anali wosanjikiza mafuta.

Malamulo zitsanzo zosankhidwazi kuyesera

Akuti gulu gravimetric kusanthula njira ikukhudza ntchito ndi zinthu. Chapakati tione chitsanzo ngati muli mwana kuchuluka kwa analyte zakuthupi ndi mankhwala ndi thupi katundu yeniyeni mtanda waukulu. Kulondola kwa zitsanzo zosankhidwazi amakhudza lolondola unsembe wa mankhwala ndi maonekedwe ndi mipweya zimene akuphunzira kusanthula kale. Amasankha ndi chitsanzo pafupifupi mosamala kwambiri, mwinamwake mkulu Mwina zolakwa, zotsatira zolakwika mayeso. Kumbukirani kuti chunks lalikulu mipweya zingasiyane chuma fumbi. Choncho pali zinthu zitatu:

• chitsanzo chachikulu - zingamuthandize gawo loyamba zimenezo;
• pasipoti kapena choyezera nyemba - akamagwira kuchepetsa kulemera yoyamba ya nyemba zimene muyenera yoganizira mankhwala ndi physico-mawotchi;
• mawunikidwe - wachotsedwa chitsanzo zasayansi yoganizira mankhwala.

Pali gawo monga umagwirira mawunikidwe. Gravimetric kusanthula njira ndi njira imodzi kukhazikitsa zikuchokera kachulukidwe pa nkhaniyi. Pofuna kupewa kusintha chinyezi kapena mankhwala zikuchokera kanthu, zipangizo kusanthula gravimetric awasungira mu botolo masekeli, mwamphamvu losindikizidwa lids. Mbali ya nyemba wofunikila kusanthula mwachindunji ndi gawo amakhalabe malo.

Kukonzekera chitsanzo cha kafukufuku

Kukweza ankaona otsika misa analyte chitsanzo mawunikidwe chitsanzo chimene kulemedwa kwa kusanthula mankhwala. Yofunika kwambiri quantifying mtengo wa masewero nyemba. Kwakukulu kuchuluka mayeso chitsanzo anatengedwa ndi kusanthula gravimetric, molondola kwambiri chifukwa analandira. Koma izi complicates ndondomeko kusefera chifukwa precipitate, calcining izo, kuchapa. Pazifukwa izi, kwambiri yaitali nthawi ya kuwunika. Mu miyeso yaing'ono chitsanzo lolondola mtima ali kwambiri yafupika. Kuchita masekeli magulu a zolimba, ntchito magalasi wotchi yaing'ono. Oyaka, chinthu hygroscopic kuti ingalemetsedwe mu chatsekedwa masekeli botolo.

zinthu mafunsidwe

Pakuti chiwalitsiro cha zinthu akanakhala zabwino ulaliki anabwera. Gravimetric kusanthula njira panthawi imeneyi ikukhudza kutengerapo kachulukidwe wa chigawo analakalaka mankhwala makamaka. Kudziwa unyinji wa precipitate, ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa chigawo chimodzi kuti titsimikize. Kukwaniritsa mpweya mwachindunji amadalira lolondola kuwunika. Zina mwa zifukwa chifukwa chimene si onse a chigawo Calculated adzakhala precipitate akamatchula zikhoza kukhala zosatha mpweya. N'zosatheka kuti tikwaniritse mpweya mtheradi, zitha kusanduka kwa zomvetsa osachepera zotheka. Pakuti kusanthula precipitator anasankha - pafupifupi insoluble precipitate. Iye anatengedwa owonjezera, pofuna kupewa motero mankhwala. Pali zinthu zina kuti ayenera kukwaniritsa kupeza crystalline precipitate:

• mpweya ku njira kuchepetsa njira ofooka anagwira precipitator;
• njira mkangano waikamo precipitators otentha.

Pakuti zimenezo, anasankha apamwamba reagent ion kuti mukufunitsitsa. N'zovuta kusankha precipitant makamaka anatsimikiza aliyense ion. Pa nkhani imeneyi, masking ikuchitika particles amene angalepheretse mafunsidwe zonse kapena kuwachotsa njira chitsanzo kuchita kusanthula kachulukidwe.

Kovuta kupeza precipitators enieni ayoni zonse kumatanthauza. Ndiye m'pofunika kutsatira masking kapena ayoni kulepheretsa mafunsidwe, kapena kuti iwo ku njira isanafike mpweya. Kudziwa za maonekedwe a galasi mpweya, n'zotheka ntchito zinthu zimene amakonda mapangidwe timibulu lalikulu.

1. Kodi woterowu ku kuchepetsedwa otentha njira precipitant, anatengedwa mu ndende yaing'ono. Pamene usavutike, ndi solubility timibulu zochepa wautali kotero kuwonjezera ndende ya precipitant ndi ayoni mu njira. Chifukwa zodabwitsazi, timibulu lalikulu anapanga kuti analephera kuthetsa pamene usavutike.
2. Anatsanulira precipitator kudziwa zinthu ndi mtengo wochepa. Ntchito wosakanizira ndodo galasi, amene ayenera asakhudze khoma pansi ndi nozzle. Ndi yogwira mtima, kukula galasi ndi analimbikitsa monga chepetse chiwerengero cha malo makhiristo.
3. Keke kuyima kwa maola ambiri. The precipitates amorphous waikamo m'mikhalidwe wapadera, chifukwa sachedwa zosafunika kumamatira ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana, ndi maonekedwe a njira colloidal.

Mavuto gravimetric kusanthula

Yolondola kuwerengetsera kachulukidwe bwanji chitayiko khalidwe. Pa kuipitsidwa muyeso ake molondola ndi kwambiri yafupika, umachuluka cholakwa. Chifukwa kuipitsa Co-mpweya, kuti ndi mpweya wa zinthu zachilendo. Pali mitundu iwiri ya Co-mpweya:

• pamwamba kumamatira;
• Occlusion.

Kuti muone mmene ya mpweya kumaliseche ion kuwonjezera madontho ochepa a reagent kuti njira aumbike pamwamba matope a. Pa kumaliseche wodzala ndi ion mafunsidwe njira adzatsala bwino.

Pomaliza

kusanthula Mkhalidwe kumaphatikizapo mtima kachulukidwe wa ayoni zochita kupanga m'nkhaniyo. Zolinga zikuluzikulu ankaona Mkhalidwe kusanthula chitsanzo kudziwika anasankhidwa ndi chizindikiritso cha zigawo ena, kapena ayoni wa zinthu mankhwala, mankhwala kapena zinchito gulu. Fractional njira ya kusanthula phunziro zosakaniza ophweka, pamene akufufuza ochepa zigawo zikuluzikulu. Yoganizira ngati gravimetric amafuna zitsanzo osiyana ndi zonyozeka kuchuluka kwa zochita Mkhalidwe. Kuti kwathunthu chimatanthauza mayeso thunthu mu zigawo zikuluzikulu zochita kupanga, osakaniza koyamba poyamba anapatukana mu payekha "gulu mawunikidwe", ndiye mothandizidwa ndi zochita zenizeni lotseguka lililonse ion ankafuna. Mwadongosolo Mkhalidwe kusanthula zimathandiza kuwonjezera kudalirika kwa deta mawunikidwe. Asanayambe kusanthula ndi kachulukidwe, ndikofunika anakumana lingaliro la mtundu wa nyemba mayeso, kusankha njira mulingo woyenera.