Ndi zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo chiyani? ndi zolinga kuika patsogolo pa kazembe chiyani?

zaka mazana khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, mu January, 814 TH, kusiya ufumu wake mpaka kalekale mmodzi wa makolo a Roma Germany, moona European chitukuko, anayambitsa Union woyamba European. Wachifulanki Western Ufumu m'gulu m'dera la kuposa yaikulu: ndi amakono France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland, Italy, madera ambiri a Germany ndi Spain. Koma anamenyera nkhondo moyo wake wonse, osati kokha kwa m'madera: kulikonse pakupita asilikali ake, Christianity zazikulu. Amitundu Europe mokakamiza anabatizidwa; ndipo moto ndi lupanga. Izi ndi zofunika ku mfundo zomwe takwaniritsa anatchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo.

ULALO Ano

Asilavo chitukuko akhwimitsa kwambiri ndinamverera mphamvu ya mapangidwe a West ndi atakumana ndi mdani wamkulu, wamphamvu, wochenjera ndipo ngakhale zikutanthauza-mzimu, ngati anafuna ndi zochitika. Osati lupanga anagonjetsa Carl, komanso ndalama, ndi mabodza, ndi kuperekedwa. Kulalikira, kutsogozedwa. mafuko Asilavo unakhetsedwa kwambiri wina ndi mnzake.

Kwa zaka nkhondo inali kupitiriza, kuti wafa kale chikwiyire Karl. Mbali kwambiri mokhudza wa Asilavo anali nawo atawonongedwa, ena anapita kummawa, ambiri anaphatikizana ndi pang'onopang'ono anakhala Austrians, Danes, Germany, ndipo wotsalawo adachititsidwa m'malo mwa "malamulo" ndi anabwera pansi manja Roma. Mwachitsanzo, Zitsulo anatenga view Western wa Chikhristu ndi anadzakhala adani a Asilavo Russia.

Onse ndithudi ndikuyamikira yachitsulo chifuniro ndi maganizo apamwamba a Mfumu Karl, koma kuphunzira chitukuko Wachifulanki mwadzidzidzi achokera bwino kumene ndi kukana masiku ano Europe ku East. ndondomeko akadali zikuchitika. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chimene zikayenda anatchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo (6 kalasi ndithu sangakhoze kuzindikira kuchita zimenezi ngati mphunzitsi adzakankha m'maganizo)!

mbiri

Maziko a Wachifulanki Ufumu anapanga asanabadwe Karla Velikogo amakakamiza olamulira zitatu zazikulu amene anasintha zinatha Kanyamaka mu Merovingian mafumu. Clovis anabzala statehood mu mgwirizano ndi mpingo papa; Karlom Martellom analengedwa weniweni, othandiza asilikali akatswiri ndi lathuli pa maziko a dongosolo ang'onoang'ono a benefices (mfulu zisa), ndi Nkhondo ya Poitiers, anasiya nkhondo ya Ulaya Islam; Pepin Short anakhala munthu woyamba wa boma mfumu ya mafumu Carolingian, kutumiza mchitidwe lotsiriza la Merovingian aulesi. Chifukwa Pepin Rome reoriented ku East (Byzantium) ku West.

Apa maziko a chitukuko European - Chiroma-Germany. Komanso akuyankha funso la chimene zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo, kuyambira mapangidwe kwambiri za chitukuko European, zinachitika ndendende nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Charlemagne.

mafumu awiri

bambo Karl a, Pepin Short, oyambirira anaphunzitsa mwana wake kupereka zochitika boma, kulingalira zolaula luso mawunikidwe ndi wofunitsitsa kuchita. Young Charles anali kalikiliki misonkhano bwalo, mofunitsitsa ndi nzeru kuyendetsa bwanji zinthu zamtendere, nawo ntchito imene Aquitaine. Pamene Pepin anafa, twente-sikisi mwana anali kale kukonzekera kudziletsa ulamuliro. ndi zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo kwambiri chiyani? maphunziro moyenera oloŵa, panthawi yake, ngakhale m'banda, kuphunzira wina ndi zonse zimene zingamuthandize ulamuliro.

Ndili ndi mwana Pepin sanali yekha. Ndipo chuma anagawanika pafupifupi mofanana: Karl ali Nuanon ndi Karlomanu - Soissons. The awiri - mfumu yathunthu ndi wofanana Afulanki. Monga mwachizolowezi, ndi asapita fraternal sanali. Pakuti pangano yosavuta chofunika ntchito kwambiri, ndi kugunda kwa analibe akatiputa zing'onozing'ono.

Adani a franc chitukuko akhanda inasanduka thambo: kumene anagonjetsa Aquitani anakweza mitu yawo, Saxon ndi Britain mbamuikha kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, ndi ku dera la Italy ano anabwera vuto lenileni - mfumu ya Lombards Desiderius, wasonkhanitsa ambiri a pachilumbachi. Pano iye anali asilikali weniweni ndi chuma chachikulu. Makamaka bwanji m'mayiko papa, anagonjetsa zambiri Pepin ndi kupatsidwa ndi Rome. Plus, Desiderius mabwenzi apamtima ndi okwatira Duke ozungulira, amene sanali chitukuko cha boma achifulanki.

Karl amachita nthawi zonse kunamizira kuti muzindikire chilichonse. Iye ankaphunzira dziko lawo, anayenda, yosakidwa, mphatso kwa mchitidwe umenewu, feasted. Pakati pa ntchito imeneyi mosavuta kuletsedwa zipolowe Aquitaine. Kutchedwa m'bale anali kuyenda pa Gascony ndi Aquitaine, koma ndinakanitsitsa. Carl anachitira.

Nthawiyi, Desiderius anatenga malo Papa ndi malo. Stephen III misozi ili m'maso kuti kupempha thandizo kwa abale awiri - ndipo Carloman ndi Charlemagne. Koma sindinafunse kuzilandira izo. Carloman sanafune kukangana ndi anthu, koma Carl anakwatira kachiwiri. mayi wake - Bertrada - amakakamizidwa mwana kusiya zakale mkazi Himiltrudy monga chikole mtendere anabweretsedwa kuchokera kum'mwera - mwana wa Desiderius, desideratum. CHF udindo mu Italy msanga apangidwe, mmene isungunuke.

United mphamvu

Karl zowawa udindo yaitali kwambiri. Anatumiza uthenga kwa atate wake Dezoderatu pafupifupi mwathunthu inasiya kugwirizana ndi m'bale wake anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo. Komabe, Carloman mwadzidzidzi ndi mosayembekezeka adafera onse. Karl analanda cholowa ndipo anakhala yekha woyenera mfumu ya Afulanki.

Ndipo pomwepo, ndi zaka 772, anayamba ntchito ya moyo nkhondo: ndawala, kuwukira, ndi asilikali, yimitsira a oyandikana nawo, nkhondo - uzingopitirira. Chaka chilichonse mu May za usilikali - kumene ntchito anakonza. Nthawizina chaka zilibe zigwirizane ulendo umodzi, koma awiri.

Karl mofulumira anakhala mtsogoleri ndi pulani kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kuopseza anali kuyandikira ku madera osiyana, ambiri m'mabvuto tinganene wa zoopsa ndi chiwonongeko. Komabe, mfundo kumasulira, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zabwino. Carl msangamsanga kumvetsa akamanena za nkhaniyi ndipo nthawi yomweyo.

Mmodzi mwa maonekedwe ake asilikali ndi chinsinsi kupambana ndi chidaliro anaika: Karl - pansi mamita awiri wamtali, wooneka wankhondo, wamphamvu ndi chete - molimba zinachititsa kuti ngakhale asilikali wolimba kwambiri. Kodi zomwe wa wotchuka Ufumu Karla Velikogo chifukwa, zovuta ati.

chilengedwe cha asilikali

Karl zonse pa nkhondo, ndipo chofunika ndithu anthu ogwira ntchito ndalama. Popeza zinthu zinali bwino - gawo yaikulu anapereka zonse ndi zambiri. Koma iwo anali kusunga. Miyambo ya akalambula ake - ndi atate wake, ndi agogo ake - anali anapitiriza mu mawonekedwe a kusintha asilikali.

Mafumu ang'onoang'ono a utumiki zonse increments wambiri ake m'dziko (benefice), kuonjezapo mfundo - kale dongosolo kusodza. Mwa dongosolo la chaka cha nzika akuluakulu onse - udindo ndi mabishopu - anali ndi kavalo awo ndi miyendo ku malo a anthu kusonkhanitsa, kale zida zithetsedwe.

Pakalibe nthawi analonjeza yabwino yaikulu, pamene Kuzinda - chilango kwambiri. Yolimbikitsa anali kawirikawiri konsekonse, ankakonda kumenyana ndendende m'madera amenewa mwa amene anamuopseza anansi. Zinali kwambiri dongosolo ndi franc boma kukodzedwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa. Chotero kodi zikayenda anatchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo? Kalasi 6 mayankho: chilengedwe cha khamu weniweni ndi chitetezo cha anthu kutengapo mbali.

Nkhondo ndi Lombards

Desiderius anali atalakwira ndipo anakwiya kwambiri: kuti kuyeretsa kumbali zonse Charles m'dziko, anatenga pafupi Carloman anathawa ndipo adamfunsa kuti Papa coronation mmodzi wa ana a mfumu womwalirayo mpando wachifumu achifulanki.

Koma Papa zasintha. M'malo zofewa ofewa ndi Stephen adakomana naye akadafuna Adrian. Ndipo ndinakumana ndi kuponderezedwa, ndi chofunikira chitsimikizo. M'malo mwake, iwo anayamba Desiderius kachiwiri kuwononga papa States. Adrian anatsekedwa Rome ndipo inatumiza Charles za kuopa Wopatulika wa Roma Church.

nthawi iyi Carl anali wokonzeka. Ayeretsedwe lathunthu la chikumbumtima, kawiri anayesetsa kukwaniritsa pangano ndi Desiderius, koma analephera. Inde, ndipo sanafune, ine ndikulingalira. nkhani inawonongeka. Alpine mipita anatsekedwa ndipo mwamphamvu yomatidwa. Karl ena osadziwika njira phiri anatembenuka anyankhondo onsene, anyalanyaza ndipo anayenda kumbuyo kwa mdani, anazungulira Pavia, kumene Desiderius osaonekanso, natenga Verona - likulu chachiwiri cha ufumu wa Lombards.

Mu Rome Karl adalowa monga momwe wopambanayo. Iye walonjeza (ndi kubera!) Adrian umwini latsopano. Nthawiyi, kuzinga Pavia inatha bwinobwino. Desiderius ndi achibale ake nakonza kuti mchitidwe. Karl anakhala mfumu ya Lombards ndi ogwirizana maufumu awiri mu umodzi - achifulanki. Lombards unatha. ndi zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo chiyani? The yochepa yankho zovuta kupereka. Ziribe kanthu momwe zoipa utsamunda, koma zazing'ono ang'onoang'ono kugawikana - kuzungulira otsiriza a mbiri European. Ndipo izo ndi mu chuma cha mfundo zimene zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo.

Order mu Italy

Komabe, nkhondoyo inatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Desiderius ayi. Kumene Roma patrician Karl anakakamizika kangapo kulemba zachiwawa ndi kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi conspiracies.

Pomaliza kukhazikitsa mtendere Saxony, anadza kwa Rome mwana wake Pepin, amene anadzozedwa kulamulira Lombards zakale. Malamulo akale anamvera, pa otchuka kumeneko maudindo ena, ndi ofesi ya boma.

Koma, ndithudi, palibe yankho wadutsa popanda chilolezo cha Karl - kale kwambiri monga North ndi ku Central Italy, anamupatsa mphamvu zonse. Tsopano ndikumvetsa kwambiri zomwe takwaniritsa anatchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo. The yochepa yankho ndi - mfundo wanzeru.

chilakolako Bavarian

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Lombardy wapafupi kwambiri kuonongeka mkhalidwe Bavaria - ndi asilikali, ndiponso zandale. Duke Tassilo III anali wanzeru mofewa: osati kale analenga Mgwirizano wa Bavaria ndi Lombards, ndipo tsopano akuyesera kukwiyitsa chachikulu Wachifulanki mfumu. Ngakhale adapitiriza lumbiro apasa pikulu bambo ake Charles. Koma kuchokera autocracy iye sanali kuleka sikumachititsa asilikali pa kusonkhana May. A pangano chinsinsi anapangana ndi Ufumu wa Byzantium, ndi adani onse ku Italy Charles, ngakhale ndi Ronaldo Danube - ndi Karla Velikogo.

Karl anapirira zonsezi si choncho yaitali. Popeza anachita nawo nkhondo Saxony, iye anatsogolera asilikali ku malire a Bavaria. Tassilon anayamba dzitchinjirize ndi Papa, amene anavomera kuti akhale nkhoswe ndi kufunafuna mtendere. Carl anapereka kusaina akonzedwa enieni zikalata, koma pambuyo Tassilona mwamseri anathawa mumzindamo kuti malonjezo ena osati kupereka. Bambo anakwiya kwambiri ndipo anadalitsa Charles pa nkhondo.

The Bavarians, mosiyana Tassilona, kuti Afulanki simunandidyetse udani m'malo adawopa. N'chifukwa chake mfumu Bavarian anatsala ndi ankhondo zatha mwadzidzidzi. Kodi kanthu - Karl anabweretsa mphatso fief lumbiro nasiya Anagwiranso - ngakhale mwana wake.

Tassilon anaweruzidwa mwa Sejm kwa woukira boma ndi chilango cha imfa. Carl anam'khululukira, muyaya anamangidwa amonke. Tassilona mkazi ndi ana ake onse amene tsoka chomwecho.

Bavaria kudziyimira pawokha linathetsedwa. Udindo-abwanamkubwa lipoti mwachindunji Charles. Pamodzi ndi Bavaria ndi Afulanki analandira Asilavo m'mayiko - kwambiri ndi Carinthia, mumagwiritsa ku Balkans. Choncho kudzadza gawo. Ndicho chimene zikayenda anatchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo (History, kalasi 6, mu nyimbo ndi zina zamakono).

Yokoma ufumu

Choncho panali zaka makumi atatu cha ulamuliro wa Charles - mu nkhondo osaleka zokhota ndi zigonjetso ambiri amene anabweretsa ambiri m'mayiko - anthu yaikuluikulu, - osati okonda nkhondo kwambiri, anayamba kuvutika kusamalira chuma ichi onse, kukhala winanso. Mfumu ya Afulanki kuganizira za korona wachifumu.

ndi zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo chiyani? Mayankho zingasiyane, koma mmodzi wa iwo - lino: chiyanjano ndi maphatikizidwe wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu mawonekedwe a mafuko a Saxon, Afulanki, Lombards, Frisians, Alamanov, Bavaria - ndiko kuti, akale-German mafuko bottling - Asilavo, Romance ndi mbali zina zambiri za Ufumu . Ndale latsopano mutu anafunika: ndi ulamuliro angatsutse mwa nzika zonse mwamtheradi, mosaganizira za mtundu wawo, chinenero, ngakhale chikhulupiriro.

Kuti athetse funso ili wovuta yekha Rome. Zinafika mwangozi. Papa Leo III wa, m'malo mwa Adrian, analowa nkhani yonyansa, ndipo anapempha thandizo kwa Karl monga nkhani yaikulu patrician kwambiri anthu. Against Papa anali chiwembu ndipo anafuna kupha. Mwina chifukwa anakhazikitsidwa mu apapa kuti kwambiri boma, lomwe chisoni m'banja lapamwamba la Adrian anafa. Leo III adapulumuka mwalowa ndipo anawoloka Alps, yokutidwa ndi Karl.

Charles agumanikanambo anyankhondo wake ndipo pomwepo anasamukira ku Italy kukhazikitsa pali ulamuliro wapamwamba wa chigamulo cha. mlandu, imene Papa Leo III chitakonzedwa lumbiro, ndipo womnenera ake akhala akuchita kutsimikizira. Ndithudi, izi mabishopu kanthu ankakonda pang'ono, koma akuganizira makoma a asilikali Karla Velikogo, anthu ochepa akhoza sakusangalala. ndi zomwe wa wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo chiyani? The yochepa yankho kungakhale izi: kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi.

Mchitidwe zotchuka coronation zinachitika pa tsiku la Khrisimasi zaka 800 mu tchalitchi cha St. Peter. Wachifulanki mfumu pambuyo atagona Papa zazikulu korona analengeza Mulungu akorona chachikulu ndi mtendere (!) Mfumu ya Rome Karl August. mawu awa abwerezedwa katatu, onse opezekapo m'kachisi.

Ndipo chilinganizo palokha, ndipo patsogolo choncho, ndi pa msonkhano wa mpingo wa oimira apamwamba a kampani anatiuza kuti pulogalamu wakhala wasenza pasadakhale ndiponso mosamala, ziribe kanthu momwe disabuse aliyense ndi Papa ndi Carl yekha. Iye anali pomwepo anabweretsa lumbiro la kukhulupirika - onse pano, kuyambira ndi Papa. Kodi zipambano zambiri wotchuka ufumu Karla Velikogo!

Umo ndi momwe kamodzinso kuti abwezeretse ufumu wa Roma, nthawi imeneyi ndi mpingo wa Chikhristu ndi mbali ya Mfumu German pa mutu. Karl anali kusintha nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndipo mosangalala kwambiri. Iye anaikidwa mu Aachen kwawo.