ATP kapangidwe ndi ntchito kwachilengedwenso. ntchito ATP

Yonse yochepetsetsa ya thupi lathu chichitike mamiliyoni zochita amuzolengedwa. Iwo catalyzed ndi zosiyanasiyana michere, zomwe nthawi zambiri amafuna mphamvu. Ali selo zimatengera? funso limeneli lidzayankhidwa kuganizira kapangidwe ka maselo a ATP - gweronso lalikulu la mphamvu.

ATP - chilengedwe mphamvu

ATP amayimira adenosine, kapena adenosine triphosphate. thunthu ndi mmodzi wa awiriwo magwero zofunika kwambiri mphamvu iliyonse selo. Kapangidwe ndi udindo zamoyo ATP umafananirako. Kwambiri zochita amuzolengedwa zichitike okha ndi nawo mamolekyulu ndi zinthu, makamaka kagayidwe pulasitiki. Komabe, ATP sikawirikawiri amagwira ntchito zimene kwa pakutchulidwa njira iliyonse amafuna mphamvu, ndi litapakidwa mu nsinga mankhwala ATP.

Kapangidwe ka maselo a chinthu choterocho kuti kugwirizana chifukwa pakati pa magulu mankwala adzabala yaikulu mphamvu. Choncho, kulankhulana amatchedwanso mkulu-mphamvu kapena makroenergeticheskimi (zazikulu = ambiri ambiri). Akuti mphamvu kumangidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba wasayansi F. Lipman, ndipo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito udindo iwo chizindikiro ̴.

Nkofunika kuti selo kukhalabe mlingo zonse ATP. Izi makamaka khalidwe la ena a minofu ndi ulusi mitsempha, chifukwa iwo ali kwambiri loopsali ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito zake amafuna zili mkulu wa triphosphate adenosine.

Kapangidwe ka tinthu wa ATP

ATP tichipeza zinthu zitatu: ribose ndi adenine zatsalira asidi phosphoric.

Ribose - zimam'patsa kutanthauza gulu pentose. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zikuchokera maatomu ribose 5 mpweya amene m'gulu kuzungulira. Ribose chikugwirizana ndi adenine β-N-glycosidic chomangira woyamba mpweya atomu. Komanso anagwirizana kuti zatsalira pentose asidi phosphoric pa 5 mpweya atomu.

Adenine - ndi nitrogenous m'munsi. Malinga ndi zimene mtundu wa asafe zofunika Ufumuyo ribose, monga GTP kakutali (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) ndi UTP (uridine triphosphate). zinthu zonsezi ofanana mu dongosolo kuti triphosphate adenosine ndi kuchita pafupifupi ntchito yofanana, koma iwo akupezeka mu selo kuli wamba.

Zatsalira asidi phosphoric. Kudzapeza ribose mwina agwirizane zatsalira atatu asidi phosphoric. Ngati awiriwo kapena chimodzi chokha, motero, chinthu otchedwa ADP (diphosphate) ndi amp (monophosphate). Iwo anamaliza pakati pa zatsalira phosphorous makroenergeticheskie kugwirizana, amene anamasulidwa pa chotupa cha ku 40 60 KJ mphamvu. Ngati zomangira ziwiri wosweka, akuyima 80, osachepera - 120 KJ mphamvu. Pa yopuma kulankhulana pakati pa ribose moiety ndi phosphorous adzamasulidwa yekha 13.8 KJ, kotero triphosphate awiri okha molekyulu macroergic kugwirizana (P ̴ ̴ F P), ndi molekyulu wa ADP - chimodzi (P ̴ P).

Nawa kodi makhalidwe a ATP dongosolo. Chifukwa chakuti pakati pa zatsalira asidi phosphoric anapanga makroenergeticheskaya chomangira kapangidwe ndi ATP ntchito zogwirizana.

Kapangidwe ndi udindo zamoyo ATP mamolekyulu. mbali zina za triphosphate adenosine

Kuwonjezera mphamvu, ATP akhoza ntchito zina mchipindamo. Pamodzi ndi ena nyukiliotayidi triphosphate triphosphate kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga asidi mkati. Pankhaniyi, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP ndi UTP ndi angapatse zapansi nitrogenous. Mundawu ntchito mu njira ya DNA kugawanika ndi galamafoniyo.

ATP M'pofunika njira ion nayenso. Mwachitsanzo, Na-K njira mapampu ndi sodium 3 mamolekyulu ku maselo ndi kutulutsa potaziyamu 2 molekyulu selo. yatsopano iyi ion pamafunika kukhala woyang'anira zabwino padziko akunja nembanemba, ndipo kokha ntchito ATP njira akhoza kugwira bwino. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi pulotoni ndi calcium ngalande.

ATP ndi kalambulabwalo wa atumiki sekondale Camp (ozungulira adenosine monophosphate) - msasa osati transmits chizindikiro analandira selo nembanemba zolandilira, komanso ndi allosteric effector. effectors Allosteric - ndi zinthu mofulumira kapena kusokoneza zochita enzymatic. Choncho, ozungulira adenosine kumabwezera mmbuyo enzyme kuti catalyzes ndi pogawanikana pamawere cha lactose ku maselo a bakiteriya.

ATP molekyulu yokha ungakhalenso allosteric effector. Komanso njira ngati antagonist ATP ADP amachita zinthu ngati triphosphate Iyamba anachita, ndiye kumabwezera mmbuyo diphosphate, ndi mosemphanitsa. Awa ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka ATP.

Monga ATP aumbike mwa selo

Ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka ATP wotere kuti mamolekyulu zinthu ntchito mofulumira ndipo adzaonongedwa. Choncho triphosphate kaphatikizidwe - ndi ndondomeko zofunika mphamvu lomenyera selo.

Pali zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri njira kaphatikizidwe wa triphosphate adenosine:

1. The gawo lapansi phosphorylation.

2. zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Gawo lapansi phosphorylation zachokera zochita angapo zikuchitika mu cytoplasm selo. zochita zimenezi zimatchedwa glycolysis - anaerobic siteji ya kupuma aerobic. Chifukwa, mkombero wina wa glycolysis 1 shuga molekyulu ndi apanga ndi tinthu awiri asidi pyruvic akupitiriza kuti apange mphamvu, ndi awiri apanga ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni phosphorylation. selo kupuma

Zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni phosphorylation - ndi mapangidwe ATP ndi kulanda ma elekitironi mu elekitironi zoyendera unyolo nembanemba lapansi. Chifukwa cha kusintha koteroko purotoni masinthidwe amtundu aumbike mbali imodzi ya Kakhungu ndi ntchito ya mapuloteni yofunika ATP synthase ndi kumanga mamolekyulu. Dongosololi chikuchitika mu nembanemba kwa mayitirokondiriyoni.

The ndondomeko ya mapazi a glycolysis ndi phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni mu mitochondria ndi ndondomeko ambiri otchedwa kupuma. Pambuyo mkombelo wathunthu 1 molekyulu shuga mu selo 36 aumbike mwa mamolekyulu ATP.

photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation ndondomeko - ichi ndi zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni phosphorylation chimodzimodzi kusiyana kumodzi kokha: zochita phosphorylation zimachitika maselo chloroplasts mchikakamizo cha kuwala. ATP amapangidwa pamene dzuwa kuwala siteji - ndondomeko zikuluzikulu za kupeza mphamvu ku zomera zobiriwira, algae ndi ena mabakiteriya.

Mu ndondomeko ya dzuwa chifukwa chimodzimodzi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mayendedwe unyolo chikudutsa ma elekitironi, chifukwa mu purotoni masinthidwe amtundu. Anthu ambiri mapulotoni mbali imodzi ya Kakhungu ndi gwero la ATP kaphatikizidwe. Kusonkhana mamolekyulu adatengedwa ndi enzyme ATP synthase.

Zosangalatsa za ATP

- The selo pafupifupi lili 0,04% ya misa okwana triphosphate adenosine. Komabe, zofunika kwambiri zimawonedwa maselo minofu: 0.2-0.5%.

- Mu selo, 1 biliyoni mamolekyulu wa ATP.

- Aliyense molekyulu sakhala oposa 1 miniti.

- wina ATP molekyulu ndi kusinthidwa tsiku nthawi 2000-3000.

- Mu ndalama, pa tsiku la thupi synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, ndi pa nthawi iliyonse katundu wa ATP ndi 250 ga

Pomaliza

ATP kapangidwe ndi ntchito zamoyo mamolekyulu ake yogwirizana. thunthu ndi mbali yaikulu mu njira ya moyo, chifukwa mwa chimangiriro mphamvu pakati zatsalira mankwala muli yaikulu mphamvu. ATP amagwira ntchito zambiri muchipindachi, choncho m'pofunika kukhala ndende zonse thunthu. Kusokonekera ndi kaphatikizidwe akupita pa liwiro mkulu, mwachitsanzo. Kwa. Asapita The mphamvu mowirikiza ntchito zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa. Ndi kofunika kwambiri pophika selo iliyonse m'thupi. Apa mwina zonse zimene ananena zimene bwinjalo ATP.