Mitundu ya nthaka

Mtundu ndi unit chachikulu cha gulu nthaka. Zoperekedwa mogwirizana ndi mbiri nthaka. V. V. Dokuchaev mu 1886, choyamba wachinsinsi mitundu.

Ntaka kuti chikanachitika mu njira ya m'madera kulima kale zosafunika chitukuko ulimi, ndi gulu lapadera.

Ena mitundu musati m'magulu (mabacteria) amapezeka m'madera ena mwa mabacteria ndi. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mlili wa peculiarities wa miyala, moisturizing mpumulo.

Mitundu yofala dothi amaonedwa kuti zoned. Iwo (pamodzi ndi zomera ndi zinthu zina za malo) n'kupanga munda achilengedwe.

mitundu ya nthaka

1. Marsh dziko. dothi awa anapanga ndi yaitali kapena kumwetsa chinyezi nthawi zonse (waterlogging). Childs, iwo amapangidwa m'madera nkhalango za Nyengo.
2. Brown nkhalango. Izi mitundu ya dothi ali makamaka anapeza mu nkhalango coniferous ndi deciduous m'madera nyengo amtengo ofunda chinyezi.
3. Brown semidesert, m'chipululu steppe. Izi mitundu ya dothi anapanga m'deralo ndi nyengo youma mu zone kotentha, chipululu-steppe zomera.
4. Mountain. Akuimira gulu kuti aumbike mwa malo phiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse nthaka m'gulu gulu ili yodziwika ndi gravelly, mphamvu otsika ndi maonekedwe a mchere chachikulu.
5. Brown. Common mu theka-m'zipululu ndi steppes wa woyendera nthambi kotentha.
6. dothi dambo anapanga pansi mitundu tchire mbewu m'madera chinyezi kapena pamwamba mumachitika poyera kuti kukhudzana mosalekeza a pansi.
7. Saline. Common m'madera youma ndi kuchuluka ndende (kuposa 0,25%) salt mchere, mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi - magnesium, kashiamu carbonates, sodium, sulfates, chlorides.
8. dothi Podzolic anapanga m'nkhalango wosanganiza ndi nkhalango, mu kotentha chokhala ndi chokhala ndi nyengo. Akukumana ndi chinyezi zimabwezera zonse osambitsidwa madzi ikudontha.
9. dothi Gray sizachilendo m'mabuku m'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu m'dera subtropical.
10. dothi Fusion anapanga mu subtropical, otentha, n'kupita yamphamvu. Mu mbiri ake zinaphatikizidwa kaja kuti kutupikana yonyowa ndi zikuchoka ductility mkulu, akhala olimba ndi wandiweyani mu mawonekedwe youma.
11. Titafika pamalo. Zimapanga osakaniza dothi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, Titafika pamalo ake. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Titafika pamalo humus-carbonate, sod, ndi zina podzolic dothi.
12. Black nthaka. dothi awa alipo ambiri steppe ndi steppe nkhalango n'kupita kwa woyendera nthambi kotentha.

An chizindikiro zofunika kwa gulu nthaka ndi kapangidwe kake.

Kuwala - mchenga - nthaka zikuphatikizapo wambirimbiri mchenga, ang'ono chiwerengero cha manyowa, pang'ono particles dongo. Ntaka apamwamba kachulukidwe anawagawira monga katundu - dothi dongo. Iwo sakudziwa kutha pa processing, Komano, kupanga clumps lalikulu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti n'kovuta kwambiri kukumba.

Pamiyala dothi kumachitika m'mbali mwa mapiri kapena zitunda ndi chonde osiyana. Ambiri a iwo amatenga mbali ya zidutswa thanthwe.

Chifukwa cha dothi peat amapanga kanthu makamaka organic. Iwo ali olemera mu asafe ndi otsika mu potaziyamu ndi kuchuluka kwenikweni phosphorous. Komabe, pali torfovivianitovye dothi, zimene, m'malo mwake, pali mkulu ndende ya phosphorous.

dothi Sandy amanenedwa ndi ambiri za katundu wa mchenga ndi chiŵerengero moyenera zigawo zikuluzikulu, iwo ali mtundu wapakatikati. dothi amenewa amaonedwa auspicious m'zonse kwa kulima mbewu.