Kupeza alkenes

Alkenes - ndi unsaturated acyclic chimasanduka, monga mmodzi yekha awiri chomangira mpweya maatomu. Iwo amapanga homology umodzi zovuta (chiwerengero) yosonyeza aone kuti pali pawiri wa chilinganizo CnH2n. Mwachitsanzo, chilinganizo zino koyamba zinthu - ethylene - C2H4, chilinganizo m'mwezi wachisanu mzere pentene - C5H10, chakhumi decene - C10H20.

The mpweya maatomu mu zinthu zimenezi pamaso pa ubale awiri mu mkhalidwe mwakusakaniza sp², chotero, ndi valence ngodya ya kapangidwe ndi maselo ndi 120 °. The alkene yosavuta ethylene mankhwala ndi chilinganizo C2H4. Magazi mndandanda wa alkenes ndi kusonyeza mayina awo, amene anapanga ndi Kuwonjezera lolingana manambala oyambirira.

Tikumbukenso kuti yokonza alkenes anatsimikiza kwathunthu ndi mankhwala katundu ndi makhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amene oposa awiri mpweya maatomu pophatikiza kulenga isomers. Choncho pali chitsanzo operekedwa chakuti ikuluikulu chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya zili mu alkene yeniyeni, m'pamenenso iye amatha kupanga isomers.

thupi katundu wa mankhwala awa chimadaliranso malo mndandanda magazi. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunuka mfundo, otentha mfundo ndi osalimba pa ethylene ali motero -169,1, -103,7 ndi 0,5700. Magawo yomweyo ya chitatu pa nkhani alkene - octene - ofanana, motero, -101,7, -121,3 ndi 0,7140.

Choyamba kupeza alkenes zinachitika mu 1669 pamene German sayansi Becher anam'sankha iye kunja ndi mmene asidi sulfuric pa mowa. Panthawi imeneyi wasayansi sanathe kudziwa mpweya panamveka, choncho sanam'patse dzina, ndipo amatchedwa kungoti "mpweya." Kenako "mpweya Becher" chimodzimodzi momwemo, ndipo analandira Dutch Deyman Potts Van Troostvik mu 1795. nthawi iyi, asayansi anafotokoza njira zawo yokonza alkenes, ndi kuwapatsa iwo dzina lapadera - ". mpweya maslorodny" Dzina limeneli anabadwa chifukwa, pamene anachita ndi chlorine kupanga madzi wochuluka, kenako okha akudziwikanso monga dichloroethane sayansi ku France Antuanom Furkrua.

Komanso, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lapitali J. Gay-Lussac anapeza kuti Mowa zikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera leni "maslorodnogo" mpweya ndi madzi mamolekyulu.

J. Dumas ndi P. ng'ombe mu 1928 anatsegula kupeza alkenes ku ethyl mankhwala enaake. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kwa nthawi yaitali, akatswiri sanathe bwino kulemba chilinganizo pawiri lapansi. Only mu 1848 ndikutchetcha zinamuthandiza kukhala ethylene ndi olembedwa monga S4N4.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali pafupifupi palibe alkenes. Ethylene ndi nthumwi zosavuta mndandanda magazi, ali mu mawonekedwe a timadzi ena zomera.

M'munsi alkenes ndi poizoni ndipo mukhoza mu woipa mkulu chifukwa zotsatira chomwa mankhwalawa. Mu nkhani ya ingestion wa alkenes apamwamba zingaoneke khunyu ndi airway edema.

Ukulu wa kulemera maselo Mzimuyo kuwira mfundo ndi kusungunuka mankhwala awa ndi awo boma la loitanirana. Alkenes kuchokera oyamba chachinayi pa mndandanda - mpweya kuchokera wachisanu ku chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri kutenga maonekedwe a madzi, ndi lotsatira - zolimba. Kunena zoona, alkenes onse si sungunuka m'madzi koma bwino sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso.

Mu zinthu masiku ano, pali njira zosiyanasiyana kubala alkenes. Choncho, njira yopangira alkenes kuyikapo makhalidwe makampani.

The njira zoyambirira ndi mkulu kutentha othandizira akulimbana ndondomeko imene imakhudza gasi ndi hydrocarbon mankhwala ali mafuta. Mwachibale kwa m'munsi, n'zotheka kutsatira njira ndi wa madzi m'thupi la alcohols.

The Laboratories kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, koma pano zimene amachitika pamaso zidulo amphamvu amagwiritsidwa ntchito njira synthesizing HOFFMANN ndi Chugaeva. Pakuti njira zina synthesizing anachita monga Burda, amene ali Kupha bromine.

Alkenes ili yofunika kwambiri zopangira kwa makampani mankhwala, amene ntchito kutulutsa ndalama lalikulu la mankhwala. Kotero kupeza alkenes ndi malangizo ofunika chitukuko cha promyschlennosti mankhwala m'mayiko onse otukuka.