Ethyl mowa: ambiri zambiri, njira yokonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito

Alcohols - zotumphukira wa chimasanduka, mu molekyulu mmene hydrogens chimodzi kapena zingapo mmalo ndi hydroxyl gulu (o). M'munsi alcohols ndi sungunuka kufanana zonse madzi. Ndi alcohols zidulo kupanga esters. hydroxyl gulu ndi wa hydrogen mwina amasinthidwa. Choncho, pansi zochita za sodium wochuluka zitsulo alcoholates anapanga. Mu hydrolysis ndondomeko alkoxides kuwola ndinso kuti madzi ndi hydroxide ndi sodium.

alcohols yaikulu bwino oxidized kupanga aldehydes. Aldehydes - mankhwala organic kuti ndi magulu HA ndipo musataye esters; apasuke pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni china zidulo ndi maatomu carboxylic ochepa. Pa madzi m'thupi la alcohols analandira unsaturated chimasanduka. Pa thupi la alcohols aliphatic zambiri chomwa mankhwalawa. Mphamvu ya zotsatira za mowa zimadalira katundu lawo. Poyerekeza ndi mono- kapena alcohols polyhydric anaona kuti zimene iwowa amakhala wofooka, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale anataya, mwachitsanzo kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha magulu hydroxyl mu molekyulu ndi amachepetsa kanthu pharmacological Mwachitsanzo, glycerol alibe appreciable mankhwala kanthu.

Kukonzekera ethyl mowa

Mowa mankhwala zolinga akamagwira nayonso mphamvu ya dzuwa. Fermentable chakudya ongoyendayenda rye, mbatata, chimanga ndi zipangizo zina chomera. Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha magawo kudziwika wapakatikati a nayonso mphamvu mowa. M'nkhaniyo distillery ukubwera (mbatata ndi zina zotero) choyamba kutsukidwa ku dziko lapansi ndi matope, ndiyeno yodzaza mu wapadera kulowetsedwa chidebe, amene kutulutsa nthunzi opanikizika mu atmospheres awiri kapena atatu. Wowuma, amene ali mbatata, motero kwasanduka phala ndi. Unyinji chifukwa imafalikira ku phala tun ndi mphamvu ndipo pali yogwira mtima ndi utakhazikika kwa madigiri 50. Kuti izi anawonjezera chimera mu woipa 10% mwa kulemera kwa mbatata. Chimera balere kumera okonzeka. Mu ndondomeko ya kumera wa balere mbewu ndi mapangidwe ndi kudzikundikira michere, mmodzi amene ali enzyme amylase. The puloteni hydrolyzes wowuma kuti maltose. Ndiye, mchikakamizo cha maltose enzyme invertase adziwonetsa ngati sing'anga amadzimadzi kwa shuga. mukopedwe Last Zymase anatembenukira kwa Mowa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya. Dongosololi imatengedwa wathunthu pamene zamoyo mpweya diokisda kutsazikana. The madzi chifukwa amatchedwa liziwawa, lomwe lili ndi pafupifupi 18% mowa ndi intermediates zosiyanasiyana nayonso mphamvu - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde nthochi), alcohols apamwamba, esters, etc. Kenako, phala pansi pa distillation. Choyamba, osakaniza zili amamwa pafupifupi 70%, ndiye mlingo wa iwowa ndi kuchuluka kwa 96%. Ethyl mowa chinaperekedwa kwa kuyeretsedwa komaliza kudzera adamulowetsa makala.

Chuma zaphindu kukonzekera synthetically mowa - ethylene, yomwe pansi zochita za sulphate asidi amapereka sulfatnoetilovy efa linawola pansi zochita za madzi ndi ethyl mowa asidi ndi sulphate. Tikumbukenso kuti mowa akhoza apanga ku acetylene. Chifukwa chaichi, acetylene chinaperekedwa kudzera amadzimadzi njira ya sulphate asidi pamaso pa chothandizira, izo amamangirira madzi kudutsa mu ethanal. The aldehyde ndi otchezedwa kutali ndi yafupika ndi wa hydrogen ndi mowa. ndende mowa yafotokozedwera madigiri, mwachitsanzo, 33 ° 40 °. madigiri amenewa akusonyeza mmene buku kwambiri mowa ali mayunitsi 100 a buku la njira.

Pali zotsatirazi mowa sukulu:

- yaiwisi (92-95 °), insufficiently achotse mafuta fusel ndi aldehydes;

- kudzatha (95-96 °), pafupifupi ufulu zosafunika;

- mtheradi - pafupifupi anhydrous;

- denatured - mowa yaiwisi, amene akuwonjezeka pyridine zachilengedwe nitrogenous m'munsi; Izo ntchito zolinga mafakitale ndi zoweta.

Ethyl mowa - Inflammable mandala madzi kukhala anachita ndale, fungo mowa ndi moto kukoma. mowa koyera wabwino organic zosungunulira. Mowa kachulukidwe zimadalira ndende zake mu njira (mwachitsanzo, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

The ntchito Mowa

Amachepetsa kapena amapha tizilombo, makamaka pa woipa pamwamba 60-70%. Mankhwala imayendetsa chimbudzi, reflexively timapitiriza ntchito za malo kupuma ndipo mtima kukomoka. Kunja ntchito monga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, irritant, kuzirala ndi zolimbikitsa mankhwala a zilonda zamoto (I digirii ndi II) amatanthauza.