Esters: makhalidwe onse ndi ntchito

Esters wa - mankhwala M'MALO maatomu wa hydrogen a magulu hydroxyl zidulo carboxylic ndi zidulo mchere pa mpweya kwakukulu. Kusiyanitsa mono-, di- ndi polyesters. kulibe rekodi, zidulo di- ndi polybasic, zidulo monobasic kwa - esters zonse ndi acid. Title Ester tichipeza dzina, kumatanthauza mapangidwe ake a acid ndi mowa. Pakuti esters, kambirimbiri pano yaing'ono kapena mbiri nomenclature. Malinga IUPAC maina nomenclature esters anapanga motere: kutenga kwakukulu mutu mowa Chinawonjezeka monga dzina hydrocarbon zidulo ndi kutha -oat. Mwachitsanzo, mitunduyi structural wa esters (ndi isomers metamers) lolingana chilinganizo maselo S4N802, ndi nomenclatures osiyanasiyana dzina lake: propilformiat (propilmetanoat) izopropilformiat (izopripilmetanoat), ethyl nthochi (etiletanoat) melpropionat (methylpropanoate).

Kukonzekera esters. mankhwala awa inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe. Choncho, esters kulemera otsika maselo ndi sing'anga zidulo carboxylic magazi mndandanda ali mbali ya mafuta yofunika kwambiri ya zomera zambiri (mwachitsanzo, uksusnoizoamilovy Ester kapena "peyala zomwenso", chomwe ndi mbali ya mapeyala ndi mitundu ambiri), ndipo esters wa glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo apamwamba - mankhwala chifukwa cha mafuta onse ndi mafuta. Ena esters asasanyika synthetically.

The esterification anachita kumachitika mogwirizana zidulo carboxylic (ndi mchere) ndi alcohols. The chothandizira amachita ngati amphamvu mchere asidi (zambiri ntchito H2S04). The chothandizira molekyulu imayendetsa ndi asidi carboxylic.

Mlingo zimene esterification zimatengera pa okhudzidwa HA gulu (pulayimale, sekondale kapena ukachenjede) ndi atomu iliyonse mpweya pa mankhwala chikhalidwe cha asidi ndi mowa ndi kapangidwe hydrocarbon unyolo, amene amagwirizana ndi carboxyl lapansi.

Hydrolysis wa esters lapansi. The hydrolysis anachita (saponification) esters - ndi n'zosiyana zimene esterification. Chitadutsa pang'onopang'ono. Ngati anawaonjezera kusakaniza anachita, osakaniza zidulo mchere kapena alkalis, mathamangidwe ake kumawonjezera. Soda saponification inadzachitika nthawi zikwi mofulumira kuposa zidulo. esters ndi hydrolyzed mu sing'anga ndi zamchere, ndi ethers - mu acid.

Pa esters Kutentha ndi alcohols mu kukhalapo kwa sulphate asidi kapena alcoholates (zamchere sing'anga) alkoxy kuwombola amapezeka. Izi ndipamene Ester yatsopano, ndi zimene sing'anga amagwanso mowa, amene poyamba anali mu mawonekedwe a zatsalira mu Ester molekyulu.

Esters kuchepetsa anachita. Kuchepetsa wothandizila zambiri lifiyamu zotayidwa hydride, sodium mu otentha mowa. Esters kukaniza mkulu kutsogoleredwa ndi oxidants zosiyanasiyana ntchito mankhwala kaphatikizidwe kapena kusanthula kuteteza magulu mowa ndi phenolic.

oimira Esters chachikulu. Ethyl ethanoate (acetic efa) ali akamagwira esterification zimene Mowa ndi nthochi asidi chothandizira ( asidi sulphate). Ethyl ethanoate ntchito ngati zosungunulira wa mapadi nitrate kupanga opanda utsi onga, ndi Zithunzi film, zipatso essences zigawo kwa makampani chakudya.

Izoamiletanoat (uksusnoizoamilovy efa, "peyala zomwenso") kwambiri sungunuka Mowa, diethyl efa. Konzekerani ndi esterification a nthochi acid ndi mowa Kununkhila kwa. Izoamilmetilbutanoat ntchito ngati kukoma chigawo popanga mafutawa ndi monga zosungunulira a.

Izoamilizovaleriat ( "apulo" kwenikweni izovalerianovoizoamilovy efa) analandira mwa kuchita ndi esterification isovaleric acid ndi mowa Kununkhila kwa. Anati Ester ntchito monga essences chipatso makampani chakudya.