Magazi mndandanda

Mu umagwirira, pali magulu a zinthu organic, yodziwika ndi katundu ofanana ndi ogwirizana ndi chilinganizo ambiri, limene limafotokoza ndondomeko ya kusiyana structural pakati membala aliyense wotsatira wa gulu m'mbuyomu. Mwachitsanzo, magazi mndandanda wa alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , kapena magulu ena. nomenclature Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti phunziro kapena mchitidwe kulosera. Pakuti zinthu organic m'gulumo, pali kusintha zonse katundu mankhwala ndi thupi, ndipo iwo onse chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi kusintha mu thupi maselo.

Ofunika ndi malamulo amene amalongosola momwe katundu wa zinthu mu kusintha kwa gulu wina ndi mzake. Kumvetsa zimene ndi magazi zino, muyenera kuganizira zitsanzo. Kwa gulu lililonse la mankhwala ndi kuwonjezeka khalidwe kutentha kwa kusungunuka (crystallization), otentha (condensation) ndi osalimba ndi kuwonjezeka kulemera maselo ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu molekyulu ndi.

Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka amatchedwa paraffinic kapena zimalimbikitsa; akuimira acyclic (palibe m'zinthu) pawiri molunjika kapena nyumba nthambi, maatomu mu mamolekyulu limene likugwirizana ndi nsinga umodzi. Chilinganizo okwana ndi CnH2n + 2 ndipo akufotokoza magazi mndandanda wa alkanes. Molekyulu aliyense wotsatira ukuwonjezeka membala poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu wina C atomu ndipo maatomu awiri H. zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka monga:

• dziko;
• ethane;
• propane, ndi zina zotero.

Pakuti chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa mulinso cycloparaffins. Ichi ndi gulu lalikulu la mankhwala organic amene mamolekyulu ndi chatsekedwa mphete. Magazi mndandanda wa iwo ali chilinganizo CnH2n, akuyamba ndi mankhwala kuti maatomu mpweya atatu. Zitsanzo za cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, etc.

Unsaturated kapena unsaturated chimasanduka alinso acyclic. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu za zachilendo ndipo ISO-dongosolo. Magazi mndandanda wa alkenes ndi chilinganizo ambiri CnH2n. mankhwala awa yodziwika ndi pamaso pa ubale wina awiri pakati pa maatomu awiri mpweya. Ngati Mzere yapita imayamba ndi hydrocarbon ndi mpweya atomu (dziko), kuti akuyamba ndi zinthu mu molekyulu limene lili maatomu mpweya awiri. Zitsanzo za alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, ndi zina zotero.

Chimasanduka mu molekyulu awiri maatomu mpweya chikugwirizana ndi chomangira patatu zambiri unsaturated, mwinamwake amatchedwa acetylene. Ogwirizana ndi magazi mndandanda wa alkynes. Iwo akufotokozedwa ndi chilinganizo CnH2n-2 ndipo kuyambira ndi acetylene mu dongosolo lomwe ndi maatomu awiri C. Zitsanzo za alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 ndi zina zotero.

Unsaturated chimasanduka acyclic imene molekyulu ali awiri maunyolo awiri amatchedwa diene. Iwo ndi chilinganizo ambiri CnH2n-2. mndandanda awo magazi imayamba ndi hydrocarbon ndi maatomu atatu mpweya mu molekyulu ndi. Nsinga awiri akhoza conjugated (ankasiyana chomangira mmodzi) Cumulated (ili maatomu moyandikana) kapena olekanitsidwa (anapambulwa nsinga angapo limodzi). Zitsanzo za dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, etc.

A gulu lapadera aumbike mwa mankhwala kapangidwe ozungulira mu molekyulu amene ali benzene mphete. Magazi mndandanda wa tsankho hydrocarbon onunkhira akuyamba ndi pawiri ndi maatomu mpweya asanu - benzene. Homologues ija anapanga ndi m'malo chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen angongole kwa benzene mphete ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi. Choncho, ambiri mwa mankhwala: benzene, toluene, xylene. Ngati molekyulu ali substituents awiri kapena kuposa omwe akusonyeza pamaso pa isomers zinthu izi. Other magazi mndandanda wa aromatics anapanga kuchokera naphthalene, anthracene, ndi zinthu zina.

Ngati hydrocarbon molekyulu ali ndi gulu zinchito mankhwala zimenezi ndiwo mndandanda magazi.

• alcohols angapo amakhala ndi mu molekyulu ndi hydroxyl gulu (-OH). Pakuti monoalcohols wina atomu wa hydrogen mu hydrocarbon acyclic mmalo mwa gulu hydroxyl; chilinganizo awo: CnH2n + 1OH. Palinso mndandanda wa polyols.
• phenols angapo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo mu molekyulu, ndi hydroxyl gulu (-OH), koma m'malo a hydrogen pa benzene mphete.
• Yodziwika ndi chiwerengero cha aldehydes pa molekyulu wa mankhwala pawiri wa carbonyl gulu (> C = O); aldehydes wa chilinganizo ambiri: R-CH = O.
• zingapo ketones ndi katswiri ndi kukhalapo kwa carbonyl gulu (> C = O), koma ngati chikugwirizana ndi aldehydes ndi amakani, ndiye ketones awiri hydrocarbon kwakukulu. Ketones chilinganizo: R1-NKHA-R2.
• chiwerengero A zidulo carboxylic amasiyana mankhwala ena carboxyl gulu, Chili carbonyl ndi hydroxyl magulu. Chilinganizo - RCOOH.

Pakuti aliyense mzere, ngati magazi mndandanda aldehydes, carbonic (organic) zidulo, alcohols kapena zinthu zina, katundu wawo udzakhala kwakukulukulu zimadalira mtundu wa gulu zinchito ndi mwachibadwa zosiyanasiyana chiwerengero ndi kuwonjezeka kulemera zinthu maselo. Gawo ili ndi gulu yotakata mankhwala kumathandiza kumvetsa chikhalidwe ndi kuphunzira katundu wawo.