Mantha minofu: kapangidwe ndi ntchito. NKHANI minofu mitsempha. Mitundu ya minofu mitsempha

Ife zambiri wamanjenje, zonse zosefera mudziwe lilinkudza, adzatani m'dzikoli ndi kuyesa kumvera m'thupi lanu, ndi mu zonse izi zimatithandiza ndi maselo chodabwitsa. Iwo amakhala ndi kusanduka yaitali, chifukwa cha ntchito zachilengedwe mu chitukuko cha zamoyo padziko lapansi.

Sitingathe kunena kuti maso athu nzeru, kusanthula ndi yankho abwino. Koma ife kutali kwambiri kuchotsedwa nyama. Kumvetsa momwe dongosolo zovuta, ndikofunika osati kwa akatswiri - akatswiri ndi madokotala. Izi zikhoza kukhala ndi chidwi ndi anthu a kudzinenera ena.

The zili mu nkhani ino ndi kupezeka kwa aliyense ndipo kungakhale kothandiza osati kudziwa, chifukwa mokwana za chamoyo - kuti tithe kumvetsa nokha.

Pakuti iye ali ndi udindo

Anthu mantha minofu ali wapadera structural ndi zinchito zosiyanasiyana manyuroni ndipo ankachita yeniyeni. Ndipotu, ubongo wathu - zovuta anakonza dongosolo. Ndi kukonza makhalidwe athu, maganizo ndi maganizo, tiyenera zopezera zovuta.

Mitsempha minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito imene amati ya manyuroni - maselo ndi spikes - ndi kudziwa kugwira ntchito yachibadwa ya thupi, poyamba pa zonse, amapereka ntchito yolongosoka a machitidwe onse limba. Kachiwiri, zikugwirizana thupi chilengedwe kunja ndi zikupereka yankho dziphunzitsiranso kusintha kwake. Kachitatu, asaaonerera kagayidwe m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yonse ya minofu mitsempha ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu za psyche kuti: alamu - kulankhula ndi maganizo, peculiarities khalidwe anthu. Ena asayansi hypothesized kuti munthu ndinayamba malingaliro anu, iye ankayenera kuti "nsembe" nyama zambiri amatha. Mwachitsanzo, tilibe pachimake maso ndi kumva, kodi popitilira nyama.

Mitsempha minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya amene ali pa maziko a HIV magetsi ndi mankhwala ndi bwino isanafalikire zotsatira. Mosiyana humoral, dongosolo zimene yomweyo.

Ambiri transmitters ang'onoang'ono

Maselo a minofu mantha - ndi manyuroni - ndi mayunitsi structural ndi zinchito ya ubongo. Minyewa selo Kapangidwe yodziwika ndi zovuta ndi kuchuluka zinchito specialization. Kapangidwe ka ubongo ndizo thupi eukaryotic (soma) amene m'mimba mwake ndipo 3-100 microns njira. Soma minyewa zizindikiro phata ndi nucleolus ndi zida biosynthetic imene imagwiritsidwa michere, zinthu chofuna kuchita ntchito yapadera manyuroni. Izi Nissl ng'ombe - mwamphamvu pafupi wina ndi mnzake zitsime flattened awukali endoplasmic reticulum ndi zida Golgi otukuka.

Ntchito za selo mitsempha akhoza mosalekeza ikuchitika, chifukwa cha kuchuluka mu thupi "zomera mphamvu" wobala ATP - hondrasom. Cytoskeleton anapereka neurofilaments ndi microtubules, n'chofunikira akuthandiza. Pa imfa ya nyumba Kakhungu pigment lipofuscin ndi apanga, chiwerengero cha amene kumawonjezera ndi kuwonjezeka m'badwo wa minyewa wa. Tsinde manyuroni pigment anapanga melatonin. nucleolus The wapangidwa ndi mapuloteni ndi RNA ku DNA pachimake. The ontogeny wa nucleolus ndi basophils kudziwa yaikulu zochita khalidwe anthu, chifukwa amadalira ntchito ndi pafupipafupi ojambula. Mitsempha minofu zikuphatikizapo zofunika structural wagawo - ndi minyewa, koma pali mitundu ina ya chithandizo minofu.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maselo mitsempha

Dvuhmembrannoe phata manyuroni ali pores kudzera zomwe kudutsa zinyalala zinthu zichokera. Kudzera majini zida zosiyanasiyana limapezeka kuchititsa kasinthidwe ndi pafupipafupi ankachita. Wina Ntchito ngale ndi lamulo la kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Okhwima manyuroni simungathe kugawaniza ndi mitosis, ndi chibadwa anatsimikiza mankhwala yogwira synthesizing lililonse minyewa awonetsetse kugwira ntchito ndi homeostasis mu mkombero moyo. M'malo mbali zowonongeka ndi kusowa intracellularly yekha angagwe. Koma pali kuchotserapo. The epithelium wa chowunikira olfactory ena ganglia nyama akhoza kugawikana.

Maselo a minofu mantha ndi zowoneka kusiyana ndi zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Manyuroni yodziwika ndi mawonekedwe osasamba chifukwa cha njira, zambiri ambiri ndi tchire. Izi - ochititsa moyo wa chizindikiro magetsi, amene analemba Arc reflex. Mantha minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zomwe zimadalira maselo kwambiri kusiyanitsidwa, amene udindo tichipeza mu maganizo a mudziwe imalandira kabisidwe izo ndi nyemba magetsi ndi kupatsira ena maselo kusiyanitsidwa, ndi kupezera ayankhe. Ndi pafupifupi yomweyo. Koma ena zinthu, kuphatikizapo mowa kwambiri m'mbuyo ake.

za axons

Mitundu yonse ya minofu mantha ntchito ndi nawo mwachindunji njira-dendrites ndi axons. Axon latembenuzidwa kuchokera Greek momwe "olamulira". Izi ndondomeko yaitali, thupi conductive ndi malemeredwe-spikes kuti manyuroni ena. Axon nsonga kwambiri nthambi, aliyense angathe yatikhudza ndi manyuroni 5,000 10 kupanga zikwi ojambula.

Locus Soma, mumzinda umene mphanda axon, otchedwa axon hillock. Chili ndi axon kuti alibe akhakula endoplasmic reticulum, RNA, ndi enzymatic zovuta.

A pang'ono dendrites

Limeneli ndi dzina la selo "mtengo". Monga nthambi, kuyambira soma kukula waufupi ndi amphamvu njira nthambi. Iwo amalandira chizindikiro ndipo loci pamene pali synapses. Dendrites kudzera nthambi mbali - spines - kuonjezera m'dera pamwamba choncho ojambula. Dendrites popanda chimakwirira, axons ndi atazunguliridwa ndi myelin m'chimake. Myelin ndi zamadzimadzi chirengedwe, ndi kanthu ake ndi ofanana ndi katundu chimateteza za pulasitiki kapena ❖ kuyanika mphira nthambo za magetsi. kupoletsa malemeredwe mfundo - axon hillock - limapezeka pa malo a magwero a axon ku soma mu zone choyambitsa.

White nkhani akwera natsikira njira mu ubongo ndi axons msana mtundu umene zikhumbo mitsempha imachitika, ndi introducer onyamula ntchito - neurotransmission. The chizindikiro magetsi zimafalitsidwa kwa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana a ubongo ndi msana, akuchita kulankhulana pakati pawo. The matupi wamkulu pa nthawi yomweyo akhoza olumikizidwa kwa maselo a. Gray nkhani ya kotekisi oziziritsa aumbike. The ngalande msana ndiko kuchimake kwa bongo titadziwa (sneezing, kutsokomola) ndi malo autonomic za ntchito reflex m'mimba, pokodza, defecation. Intercalary manyuroni, thupi ndi dendrites a galimoto kuchita ntchito reflex, akuchita zochita za galimoto.

Features minofu mitsempha chifukwa chiwerengero cha njira. Manyuroni ndi unipolar, psevdounipolyarnymi, osokonezeka maganizo. Munthu wamanjenje minofu sakutero unipolar outgrowth imodzi manyuroni. Mu multipolar - chochuluka makungwa dendritic. nthambi izi sikumangotikhudza liwiro chizindikiro.

Osiyana maselo - zosiyanasiyana

Ntchito selo mitsempha umachoka magulu a manyuroni. Specialization mu Arc reflex kapena kusiyanitsa manyuroni afferent kwenikweni, kuchititsa zikhumbo ku ziwalo ndi khungu ku ubongo.

Intercalary manyuroni, kapena kucheza, - gulu la kusintha polumikiza manyuroni kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso zochita, onyamula selo mitsempha ntchito.

Efferent manyuroni, kapena tcheru, gwirani zokhudza zomverera - zilakolako pa khungu ndi ziwalo ku ubongo.

Efferent manyuroni, effector, kapena kayendedwe, khalidwe zikhumbo - ndi "gulu" ku ubongo ndi msana matupi onse ntchito.

Katundu wa mitsempha minofu kuti manyuroni ntchito zovuta ndi zodzikongoletsera ntchito mu thupi Koma humdrum wosazindikira ntchito - kupereka chakudya, kuchotsa mankhwala kuwola ntchito zoteteza afika wothandiza kapena kuchirikiza neuroglial maselo Schwann.

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe maselo mitsempha

Maselo a chubu ubongo ndi zosiyanasiyana ganglion mbale liwulo mbali ya minofu ubongo mbali ziwiri amakhala neuroblasts lalikulu ndi neurocytes. Small maselo (spongioblasty) alibe Kuonjezera ndi kukhala glial maselo. Mitsempha minofu, mitundu ya nsalu amene analemba manyuroni, tso chachikulu ndi wothandiza. Wothandiza maselo ( "glial maselo") ndi dongosolo ndi ntchito yapadera. Chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu zotsatirazi maselo glial: ependimotsitami, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes; zotumphukira - gliocytes ganglia, osachiritsika ndipo neyrolemmotsitami glial maselo - maselo Schwann. Ependimotsity M'mimbamo akalowa ventricles a ubongo ndi ngalande msana ndi secrete madzimadzi cerebrospinal. Mitundu ya minofu mitsempha - astrocytes, nyenyezi woboola mtundu minofu imvi ndi vuto woyera. The katundu wa minofu mantha - astrocytes ndi Kakhungu glial kumathandiza kuti magazi ubongo chotchinga: pakati pa madzi ndi zimakhala connective wa mantha akudutsa structural ndi zinchito malire.

Evolution nsalu

Chuma yaikulu ya zamoyo ndi irritability kapena tilinazo. mitsempha minofu mtundu m'Malemba phylogenetic udindo wa nyama ndipo ali ndi masiyanidwe lonse, complicating ndondomeko kusanduka. zamoyo zonse amafuna magawo ena a mkati co-Kudzozedwa ndi lamulo la zimachitika moyenera pakati chingatilimbikitse kuti homeostasis ndi boma thupi. Mantha minofu ya nyama, makamaka multicellular kapangidwe ndi ntchito zomwe akhala akukonza aromorphoses, amalimbikitsa kupulumuka pomenyera kukhalapo. Mu wosazindikira hydroid anapereka stellate, maselo mitsempha anamwazikana thupi lonse ndi kugwirizana njira yabwino kwambiri, zapiringizana. Mtundu wa minofu ubongo amatchedwa akakufunsani.

Mantha dongosolo planar ndi roundworms tsinde, makwerero mtundu (ortogon) Amakhala ndi awiri ganglia oziziritsa - masango maselo mitsempha ndipo anakafika ku thunthu kotenga (konnektivy) cholukanalukana ndi commissures mtanda chingwe. Mu annelids ku peripharyngeal ganglion chikugwirizana chingwe, masamba ventral mitsempha chingwe, imene aliyense gawo - awiri contiguous mfundo mitsempha chikugwirizana ndi ulusi mitsempha. Ena sikutanthauza kuikapo maganizo mitsempha ganglia ndi mapangidwe ubongo. Achibadwidwe ndipo lathu danga chimafotokozera arthropods cephalization awiri ganglia ubongo, mantha peripharyngeal mphete ndi ventral mitsempha unyolo.

Mu minofu chordate ubongo, mitundu minofu amene ali aakulu, osowa, koma izi Kapangidwe ka evolutionarily wolungamitsidwa. zigawo zosiyana kutuluka ndipo anakonza kumbali dorsal za thupi kupanga ubongo chubu M'mimbamo - nevrotsel. Mu inakhala kusiyanitsidwa mu ubongo ndi msana. Mu mapangidwe ubongo kumapeto kutsogolo kwa matuza chubu. Ngati m'munsi multicellular mantha dongosolo n'chofunikira mwangwiro Kuthana, ndiye nyama apamwamba ikuchitika yosungirako zambiri, kuchotsa, ngati n'koyenera, komanso amatipatsa processing ndi kusakanikirana.

Mu nyama, izi ubongo kutupa kungadzutse mbali yaikulu ya ubongo. Ndipo ena a chubu imagwiritsidwa chingwe msana. Mitsempha minofu, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya umene nyama apamwamba a, lasintha kwambiri. Izi kupita patsogolo kwa kotekisi oziziritsa, ndipo ziwalo zonse za wamanjenje dongosolo, kuchititsa anatengera zovuta kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo lamulo la homeostasis.

Center ndi Periphery

mantha dongosolo anawagawira ndi madipatimenti zinchito ndi thunthu. Kapangidwe anatomical ndi ofanana ndi mayina malo olekanitsidwa dongosolo chapakati mantha ndi zotumphukira. Chapakati mantha dongosolo zikuphatikizapo ubongo ndi msana, ndi misempha zotumphukira ankaimira mpingo, yadera n'kukathera. Misempha njira anapereka masango ndi CNS myelin m'chimake yokutidwa ambiri, kuchititsa chizindikiro magetsi. manyuroni kwenikweni, dendrites kupanga misempha imalandira axons - misempha galimoto.

Assembly of mitundu yaitali ndi waufupi osokonezeka misempha kumera. KUCHULUKA ndi kutchera, okhudza mitsempha matupi selo zimapanga mfundo kupitirira chapakati mantha dongosolo. molekezera mitsempha anawagawa cholandilira ndi effector. Dendrites ndi nthambi osachiritsika mkwiyo n'kukhala chizindikiro magetsi. A axons efferent kutha - mu ntchito matupi, minofu, ulusi, zopangitsa. Gawo magwiridwe zikutanthauza magawano mu dongosolo somatic mantha ndi yoyenda yokha.

Chinachake tilamulire, koma chinachake sitingathe kuzilamulira

The katundu wa minofu mantha chifukwa chakuti somatic mantha dongosolo umamumvera chifuniro cha munthu, innerviruya opareshoni dongosolo thandizo. malo Njinga mu kotekisi ubongo. Autonomous, lomwe limatchedwanso vegetative sikudalira pa chifuniro cha munthu. Kuchokera pa atafunsira zake, simungathe kufulumizitsa kapena m'mbuyo mtima kugunda kapena m'mimba motility. Popeza malo madera autonomic - ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha, kudzera mantha dongosolo autonomic oyang'anira mtima ndi zotengera, endocrine dongosolo, ziwalo m'mimba.

Mitsempha minofu, zithunzi zomwe mungathe kuwona pamwamba, ndipamene chifundo ndi parasympathetic magulu a dongosolo autonomic mantha, amene amalola kuti atumikire monga muzikangana, kupereka zotsatira zosiyana antithetical. Malemeredwe m'thupi limodzi amachititsa deceleration mu njira ina. Mwachitsanzo, manyuroni wachifundo chifukwa chaukali; ndipo kawirikawiri chidule cha zipinda mtima, vasoconstriction, kuthamanga kwa magazi kudumpha ngati norepinephrine adzamasulidwa. Parasimpatika kumasuka acetylcholine, kumathandiza kuti chifooke kaimbidwe mtima, kuonjezera lumen wa mitsempha yafupika mavuto. Kugwirizanitsa magulu awa a owayimira matenda mtima mungoli.

Mantha dongosolo wachifundo amachita pa mavuto pamene mantha kapena anatsindika. Chizindikiro zimachitika m'dera wa thoracic ndi lumbar vertebrae. Dongosolo parasympathetic ndi adamulowetsa pa mpumulo ndi chimbudzi, akagona. Matupi a manyuroni wa - mu thunthu ndi sacrum.

Mwatsatanetsatane kufufuza maselo makamaka Purkinje, omwe peyala zooneka ndi kuchuluka kwa nthambi dendritic, sakhoza kuona mmene kulanda patsogolo, ndi kuwulula limagwirira masitepe motsatizana ndondomeko.