The katundu wa dongo ndipo tanthauzo lake

Mawu akuti "zadothi" amatanthauza lonse osiyanasiyana ceramic mankhwala amene amapangidwa pa mkulu kutentha. mbali awo ndi osiyana ndi yosalala pamwamba ndi otsika porosity. Izi zimatha dongo mu ankafuna mkulu lero. Iwo n'kovuta kupeza mtundu wina wa makampani kapena dziko chuma, kulikonse kumene ntchito.

Ambiri kukongoletsa zadothi ndi ware mankhwala, mano akorona ndi insulators magetsi. Kawirikawiri woyera kapena kuchokera woyera, kuti "kuphika" zinthu zodabwitsa akubwera chidutswa unpresentable a mbiya, umene bwino kuti ife mtundu pambuyo Kukuwotcha mu ng'anjo mkulu kutentha.

Ubwino utumiki Chinese

Mu m'nkhani ino, tikambirana katundu ndi mitundu ya dongo. Mumvetsa chifukwa mu dziko lino chuma wotchuka kuti zake kugula anadzazidwa ndi lalikulu ulendo. Pakuti ingachititse wokongola, amene lero mugule mu sitolo iliyonse, ndiye inu akanaphedwa.

Oddly okwanira, koma mankhwala aluso Chinese kukapereka zoumbaumba - yekha achibale, koma kulongosola. Kuona, suffices kukumbukira katundu yaikulu ya dongo anatuluka zokambirana za Ufumu Middle. Zipangizo kwambiri ofanana ndi mnzake: onse atsopano ndiponso akale zadothi akhoza Khoma kapena "yachilengedwe." Koma mbiya lachidule lililonse limatisokoneza kwambiri. Ndipo apamwamba utumiki sizingakhoze kuchitidwa kwa izo.

Zachitikiranji zimenezi?

Chotero katundu wa dongo, mphamvu ndi matenthedwe bata, - chipatso cha kutentha mkulu limene Kuthi ndi imachitika woona wa ziwiya zadothi Chinese. Chifukwa amapangidwa pa kutentha 2650 madigiri seshasi (1454 madigiri Celsius). Yerekezerani zimenezi 2200 madigiri seshasi (1204 madigiri Celsius) kwa zadothi yosavuta. Popeza nkhani yachiwiri ali otsika quality, si ntchito makampani mankhwala ndi nthambi zina za sayansi zamakono. Komanso, ndi wa wapamwamba kwambiri Chinese zadothi chimaonekera mu kuwala. Coarse zoumbaumba ngati gwero sangapereke.

azondi

"Ovuta phala" kapena woona zadothi choyamba anaonekera China pa Tang Mafumu (618-907.). Koma kwenikweni mankhwala apamwamba katundu wawo si wolephera ano, zinadziwika kwa dziko mpaka nthawi ya Mafumu n'chokwana (1279-1368 gg.). Kumayambiriro Chinese zadothi anali kaolin wa (China dongo) ndi pegmatite - akhakula mtundu wa lubwe.

Iye anali wosadziwika kwa woumba European kuyamba yoti zida Chinese mu Ages Middle. Azungu ndayesera kutsanzira katundu wa dongo, koma analephera mu bizinesi. Monga yosanthula mankhwala ake zikuchokera, iwo sadathe, mankhwala chopangidwa ndi iwo, mofanana ndi wachisomo, wosakhwima ndi pa nthawi yomweyo, olimba mbale maonekedwe okha. Kunapezeka choncho chotero. Kuti chinsinsi woona kupanga dongo zinachitika weniweni kazitape nkhondo, koma Chinese moyo nkhalango wokondedwa chinsinsi.

Chifukwa nkhaniyi wotchuka? Chifukwa - ndi labwino katundu wa dongo lapansi. Ndi mphamvu kuposa zoumbaumba ochiritsira wa mkulu matenthedwe madutsidwe chimene chimathandiza brew ketulo therefrom tiyi zazikulu. Komanso, chifukwa glaze zadothi Iwo ali kwambiri yaing'ono bii, wachikuda ndi kokha mchikakamizo cha kupanga inki. Cup wa utumiki wakale Chinese patatha zaka nawobe whiteness.

ersatz

Pambuyo kusakaniza galasi ndi okusayidi tini, kuti wodziwitsidwa zinthu opaque, amisiri European anayesapo kuphatikiza dongo ndi frosted galasi. njira zina zakhala lotchedwa "phala zofewa" kapena zadothi yokumba. Koma iwo Anautsa mfundo ziwiri zosasangalatsa: nsalu anali zofewa kwambiri, amene n'zosatheka kupanga zabwino kwenikweni, mankhwala wosakhwima ndi ndalama yopanga anali wovulaza. Mwachidule, katundu wa dongo "ersatz-mtundu" anali kutali wangwiro.

Pali umboni kuti athu ambuye komanso katswiri luso woona zadothi kupanga, koma onse zinsinsi za Russian zoumbaumba anasowa pa Mongol-Chitata kuwukira, pamene lonse midzi anali yopsereza pamodzi ndi onse awo okhala. Ena yojambula akhoza kufika ku Britain. Iwo analenga "fupa" mtundu zakuthupi.

Koma kodi fupa China, mbali yaikulu ya amene anamubweretsa iye wotchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya akale?

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mu 1707, ku Germany awiri, akhacemeridwa Ehrenfried WALTHER Von Chimhaus ndi Yohan Fridrih Bottger kutsegula kwambiri "ubwino" akafuna kupanga zomwe amagwiritsa dongo ndipo feldspar finely kuuluka. M'zaka za m'ma XVII amisiri English taphunzira kudzera kuyesera kuti pafupifupi ofanana Chinese zadothi akhoza zopezera powonjezera ku chisakanizo cha finely milled ukagwira fupa.

Ndiyeno kunapezeka kuti English Version limachititsa zokolola mandala zoumbaumba pa kwambiri m'munsi kutentha, amene yafupika mtengo kupanga. Komanso, zadothi ku Albion kumenyana zikuipiraipirabe, anali kwambiri mphamvu. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti British posachedwa wapanikizika waika awo theka, ndipo lonse la Dziko Latsopano.

ndi katundu wa fupa China chiyani? Choyamba, nkhani zake ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ndi kulemera otsika ndi woonda-mipanda. Kachiwiri, mtundu uwu mbiya sangathe ntchito makampani mankhwala komanso zinthu m'gulu kapangidwe kake, wakwiya ndi zidulo ndi alkalis.

zipangizo

Monga tanena kale, ndi Gawo la nkhaniyi ndi losavuta kwambiri: dongo, feldspar, mchere munali calcium. Kufikira tsopano, makampani osiyanasiyana amene kupikisana wina ndi mzake mwamsanga, chinapezeka kuti katundu wa dongo ndipo mbiya akhoza kwambiri bwino powonjezera zinthu zatsopano za zikuchokera wake. Kumene, ngati kuyesera likutsimikizira bwino.

Ngakhale zikuchokera clays imasiyana malingana ndi malo mafuta, komabe izo adziwonetsa galasi (potero kukwaniritsa yomaliza mankhwala kusalala) okha pa kutentha kwambiri mkulu. Koma izi ziri zoona okha milandu kumene dongo kusakanizidwa ndi zipangizo, pakhomo pansipa zimene vitrification. Mosiyana ndi galasi, dongo Komabe, thermally khola, mwachitsanzo amasunga ake mawonekedwe ngakhale pansi amphamvu Kutentha.

Kotero zinthu izi kwenikweni wapadera chifukwa umabweretsa pamodzi ndi otsika bata porosity galasi ndi mphamvu wachibale wa mbiya yosavuta. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya zipangizo ntchito nthawi zonse kaolin wa, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (munali zotayidwa silicate) ndi mwala, khwatsi olimba mtundu, ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri a mtundu uliwonse wa zadothi. Iwo anasungunuka pa Kutentha zinthu zingwe mu gawo limodzi.

Khwatsi - "mtima" wa zadothi

Ichi ndi chitsimikizo cha chitetezo. Katundu wa dongo (ndi ntchito zake) kwakukulukulu chifukwa khalidwe iyi: izo zoipa kumenyedwa (poyerekeza ndi galasi), ndi kutalika kakang'ono pakati pa particles ndi kupereka kwa mpweya impermeable chuma, madzi ndi mankhwala ena.

Khwatsi ndi "maphatikizidwe" wa pakachitsulo ndi mpweya - awiri mchitidwe kwambiri wochuluka kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Iwo ali mumaonekedwe atatu zinchito: mwachindunji khwatsi (galasi), opal (mitundu amorphous) ndi mchenga (wosanganiza, zauve kachigawo). Ambiri, khwatsi kale ntchito zamanja. Zadothi akhoza akupanga aluminiyamu, steatite, imadziwika kuti "soapstone".

kupanga ndondomeko

Pambuyo zopangira amusankha ndi kulemedwa, icho chimapita kupanga. Choyamba, izo ndi kutsukidwa ndi milled ndi tuzigawo twa chabwino kwambiri. Kenako onse zigawo zikuluzikulu ali osokonezeka mu ankafunila Molingana, malingana onse yopanga zinthu ndi makhalidwe a chomaliza mankhwala. Mwamsanga pamene otsiriza kupangidwa, iwo ungathe kutumizidwa ku ng'anjo yomweyo kapena pansi chisanadze kuyeretsa ndiponso kutsatira wosanjikiza glaze.

Inde, udindo wake monga machitidwe woyamba floured galasi. Ndipo pambuyo kuti tsogolo Miphika, makapu, mbale zolowa, ndi akorona mano kupita pakamwa pa ng'anjo. Ndipo tsopano sitepe iliyonse payokha. Ndipotu, kupambana kwawo zimadalira katundu wa dongo ndipo tanthauzo lake!

zopangira umapezeka

Mwina ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa cha amve kukhazikitsa zimatengera mtundu wa chomaliza mankhwala. Onongani anachita ndi yaikulu crushers makina ng'oma. Pa wachiwiri wapita, tinthu kukula kusintha kwa 0,25 cm. Pofuna wotembenuka ndi feedstock mu chabwino fumbi, ntchito yapadera, mpira mphero. Yaikuluyi zonenepa zitsulo wodzazidwa ndi mipira zitsulo. Pamene dongosolo lonse imazungulira, ndi zosaphika particles zakuthupi mtima ku misa homogeneous ndi finely kwambiri nthaka.

Kukonza komanso kusakaniza

The osakaniza ndi anadutsa chabwino Zosefera, kenako zimalowa wapadera "payipi" imene ili obliquely pabwino zitsulo mapepala. Iwo kunjenjemera, kuchititsa zopangira ndi wosanganiza basi osati kokha, komanso zosankhidwa monga particles waukulu ali anakankhira m'mwamba. Ngati mukufuna kudyetsa zakuthupi wasambitsa ndi pa mzere m'njira yaotomatiki sprayed madzi.

Nthawi zina ntchito Zosefera ndi maginito amphamvu, monga yotsirizira n'zotheka kuchotsa zosafunika zing'onozing'ono ya chitsulo. Last, ngati mudzagwa mu mankhwala Kwatha, kumuuza osafunika wofiira mthunzi. The chotsirizidwa watumidwa ku ng'anjo, kumene ndi kuwombera pa ife kale anasonyeza kutentha.

Kumene zikhalidwe za ulimi amadalira pa katundu wa mankhwala?

Tikumbukenso kuti pa mfuti komaliza inadzachitika ndi kuchuluka kwa njira, amene mwachindunji amadalira katundu wa dongo ozizira. Choyamba, onse mpweya anatentha zosafunika organic asanduke nthunzi madzi owonjezera kuchokera mkati mwa mankhwala tsogolo kunja gaseous kachigawo zosiyanasiyana. Ngati kutentha analeredwa kwa 1100 madigiri Celsius, ndi pakachitsulo ndi zina zinthu za glaze chifuniro osati Sungunulani, choncho alibe maonekedwe padziko wa ceramic yosalala ndi mankhwala ndale wosanjikiza.

Komanso, mankhwala ndi zofunika kuchepetsa mtunda pakati pa particles zipangizo kwa kugwirizana chodalirika cha wina ndi mzake. Pamene kachulukidwe anakhumba kukufika, mankhwala ndi utakhazikika, kuchititsa frosting "Mapangano" amakhala osalala ndi wolemekezeka cholimba.

zotsatira

Nanga ife tafotokozeramu zonsezi? Chinthu ndi katundu wa nkhaniyi kwambiri kwambiri amadalira makhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe za ulimi wake. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zimadalira kuchuluka kwa okhutira kulemera kwa feldspar, ndipo China chiwerengero cha pores mu zosakwana spar kwambiri. Monga kuvunda kwa galasi khwatsi ndi zotsalira analandira kuchokera kuwonongeka kwa thunthu dongo, zinthu zadothi mafupa amakhala ofooka, ndi kupsyinjika ukuwonjezeka. Malinga khwatsi fineness, kulemera kwa zikuchokera pa, kutentha ndi nthawi ya mfuti, mu gawo vitreous zikuphatikizapo ku 15 kuti 40% ya misa okwana anadzetsa khwatsi lapansi. Chimene icho chiri, ndi zadothi n'kakang'ono ndi "mpweya".

Katundu ndi zipangizo ceramic monga dielectrics yodziwika makamaka ndimeyi kukana ya magetsi m'nkhaniyo ndi padziko insulator. Kusiyanitsa buku yeniyeni ndi pamwamba resistivity wa zadothi.

Komanso zofunika kwambiri zothandiza zimatha mankhwala zadothi lapansi. More ndendende, kupanda kwake. Khoma ceramic ndi Kuwonjezera ndalama zambiri feldspar ndi khwatsi ndi mankhwala ndale. Mukuganiza bwanji matope mankhwala ndi akatswiri anapangidwa kuchokera nkhaniyi? Iye ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa galasi, koma kodi samva.

udindo Current

Lero, zoumbaumba (zadothi makamaka) akukumana ndi kubadwanso. Zikuoneka kuti zinthuzi akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu microelectronics zotsimikizira zosiyanasiyana. Kufunika kwa izi si bwino kufotokoza kuti lamakonoli. ofufuza anapeza kuti Kuwonjezera zina zina zadothi mphamvu ukuwonjezeka exponentially. Panopa yayambika, ngakhale kafukufuku patsogolo m'munda wa chilengedwe pa maziko ake a mitundu yatsopano ya zida. Choncho si yunifolomu zimbudzi!

Pomaliza, zofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu zonse afika mu mankhwala. ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi akorona zazikulu - kufunika kwa iwo zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse. Kotero kuti wakale Chinese Kutulukira idzakhala nthawi yaitali kwambiri kukhala zogwirizana.