Tang Mafumu mbiri ya ulamuliro nthawi, chikhalidwe

Chinese Mafumu Tang linakhazikitsidwa ndi Li n'chokwana. Umayambira June 18 618 June 4907, a Tang Mafumu nyengo ya nthawi imatengedwa mphamvu apamwamba a boma. Nthawi imeneyi ndi mmene patsogolo chitukuko ena patsogolo m'dziko lake.

Mbiri ya Mafumu Tang

Li n'chokwana ankaona mwinimunda lalikulu. Iye anali mbadwa ya m'dera kumpoto malire, ndiwo mtundu kunyumba Tabgach. Amenewa anali mbadwa za steppe-Toba. Li n'chokwana ndi mwana wake Li Shimin (mfumu yachiwiri ya Mafumu Tang) anali anapambana nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Iwo anali anabweretsa chifukwa ndondomeko wakulungama Yang di. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu, Li n'chokwana kumwamba 618 pampando ku Chang'an. Patapita nthawi, iye unachotsedwa mwa mwana wake. Komabe, Tang Mafumu, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi iye, panali mpaka 907, mu zaka 690-705. Izo zinali, komabe, kupuma pang'ono. Nthawi imeneyi, wachifumu wotanganidwa Chinese Mfumukazi Zetian ya Mafumu Tang. Komabe, lothandiza yake allocated kuti mbali yapadera ya mfumu Zhou.

mfundo

Tang Mafumu operekedwa ndi osakaniza mfundo ziwiri. tate wake anali kudziŵa bwino anthu a Great steppe ndi, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yawo. anthu ambiri pafupi ndi Li n'chokwana, anali amenewa. Mu magawo oyambirira a mafumu a anatenga yogwira kuwombola chikhalidwe pakati pa zigawo. Steppe anapereka asilikali patsogolo asilikali lolemera. Oyendayenda komanso anakopeka kalekale woyengeka chikhalidwe cha Mafumu Tang. Kwa iwo, Li n'chokwana anali wofanana ndi mtundu wawo Khan Tabgach. kuzindikira ichi, makamaka chili mu epitaph wa Kul-Tegin (tyurkyutskomu wolamulira), amene amati ndi anthu ake monga akapolo, atumiki Tabgach Kagan, osati anthu Chinese.

A kunyamuka ku miyambo

Ganizo akulumikiza steppe ndi China ulamuliro wa mfumu imodzi kwa zaka anafotokozera za kunja ndi mkati malamulo a dziko. Komabe patapita tabagchskaya nthambi inayamba kuti amaona chinachake mlendo. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa lalikulu n'zosangalatsa kumva predominance a Chinese yosiyanasiyana. mfundo za boma kwa kochevnikam- "akunjawo" ankaonedwa n'kosayenera. Monga Gumilev analemba, ndi chilakolako zogwirizana kuphatikiza n'komwe zinachititsa kuti maluwa mofulumira, ndipo kenako kugwa mofulumira boma.

Economy ndi Culture

M'chigawo cha dongosolo ndi bata. N'zotheka kuganizira mphamvu zonse anthu kuti athandize dziko. Mu China, ndi ulimi ukuyenda, akhala bwino anayamba malonda ndi luso. Kuluka luso patsogolo watsopano, kusintha ankaudaya, mbiya, shipbuilding, zitsulo. Unachitikira m'dziko dziko ndi madzi. Tang Mafumu wakhazikitsa asapita pafupi ndi Japan, India, Persia, Arabia, Korea ndi mayiko ena. Tinayamba kukhala njira ndi sayansi. Pa 725, mbuye Liang Lingzan ndi Sin Ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba analenga wotchi makina, zida ndi limagwirira nangula. Iwo anayamba kufalitsa zida onga. Choyamba, ndi chipangizo kwa makombola "zouluka moto" zida zombo za. Kenako zitsulo anapanga Cannon weniweni kusinthidwa kwa kuwombera projectiles. Zimafalikira kuti China tiyi. Kumwa anapanga ubale wapadera. Dziko chinayamba luso tiyi. Poyamba, tiyi ankaona mankhwala ndi zakudya. Mafumu Tang anapereka chakumwa chapadera kwambiri. Mu mabuku anali moyo imeneyi mayina a olamulira lalikulu la mwambo tiyi - Lu Yu ndi Lu Tung.

kuchepa

M'zaka za m'ma 8 zinali insurrections angapo chinachitika, ndipo kugonjetsedwa asilikali. Tang Mafumu anayamba kufooketsa. Pofika zaka 40 TH. Khorasan Aluya mizu Sogdiana ndi Ferghana Valley. Mu 751 anangomulambalala Talas nkhondo. Pa magulu ake aganyu asilikali ku China asiya kunkhondo. Commander Syanchzhi Gao anakakamizika abwerere. Atangochoka kugalukira anayamba An Lushan. Mu zaka 756-761. anawawononga zonse zimene analenga Mafumu Tang zaka. An Lushan anapanga boma lawo Yan. Izo zinakhala kwa zaka 763 kwa 756. nakhala likulu Luoyang ndi Chang'an, kufalitsa m'dera lalikulu. The Yan Mfumu anali anayi. yimitsira a kugalukira anatenga malo ndi yovuta mokwanira, ngakhale kuti thandizo la Uighurs. Mafumu Tang anali ofooka kuti kenako anali sangathe kufikira ukulu wakale. Iye anataya ulamuliro wa dera la Asia Central. M'dera limeneli, makhalidwe a mafumu a watha mpaka kugwirizana kwa mayiko awiri ndi asilikaliwa.

abwanamkubwa akuzigawo

Tang boma anadalira iwo ndi asilikali awo kuti akathetse nkhani zida kukana m'munda. Mphamvu, nayenso anazindikira kuchisunga asilikali awo, kuti agwire ntchito yosonkhanitsa misonkho, ndi pochitika maudindo awo cholowa. Komabe, zotsatira za akazembe olamulira zigawo pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukula. Patapita nthawi, anayamba kupikisana ndi boma. Boma kutchuka anayamba chowongolera m'zigawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri achifwamba mtsinje ndi Zankhanza anali amaphatikiza magulu ambiri. Iwo anaukira ndi midzi kulangidwa inali pa magombe a Yangtze.

chigumula

Izo zinachitika mu 858 Chigumula pa Grand Ngalande ali ankanena masauzande ambirimbiri. Motero, chikhulupiriro cha anthu mu anthu osankhika a Mulungu okalamba mafumu anagwedezeka. Iwo anayamba kufalitsa mfundo yakuti boma ali zinakwiyitsa kumwamba ndipo anataya ufulu wake wachifumu. Mu 873, dziko zinali zoopsa mbewu kulephera. M'madera ena, anthu nkomwe anatha kusonkhanitsa theka buku mwachizolowezi. Pafupi imfa, anthu masauzande anali ndi njala. Mu nthawi yoyamba ya ulamuliro wa Mafumu Tang chingalepheretse zotsatirapo zoopsa za kulephera kwa mbewu chifukwa accumulations kwambiri za tirigu. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 9 mphamvu sanathe kupulumutsa anthu ake.

Chinthu zina

Kutha kwa ufumu wa Tang analinso chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa khoti nduna. A iwo anapanga thupi chenjezo. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 9, mifule ndi mphamvu zokwanira kusonkhezera zochita za ndale, kuti athe thumba. Mwina, iwo akhoza ngakhale kupha mafumu. Mu zaka 783-784. zipolowe Zhu Qi. Pambuyo analamula Adindo anali asilikali Shentse. Against iwo anayamba mwachangu ochirikiza Wen-Malina pambuyo kupha m'bale wake mkulu 817. Komabe, nkhondo yake sanali bwino.

kalembera

Mafumu a Mafumu Tang wakhala anafuna kudziŵa chimodzimodzi chiwerengero cha anthu ake. Kunali koyenera kuti khalidwe la mlandu asilikali ndi msonkho. zosonkhanitsira kosavuta kwa nsalu ndi phoso banja lililonse unakhazikitsidwa mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro. Malinga ndi kalembera wa 609, panali miliyoni 9 mabanja (anthu 50 miliyoni.) Mu dziko. Nthawi yotsatira kutembenuka zinachitika mu 742 Malinga okha, ngakhale ena mwa anthu sanali nawo Kalemberayu atatha, dziko la anthu anthu kuposa Han Ufumu. Malinga ndi chimodzimodzi kwa nthawi yachiwiri anthu 58 miliyoni mu 754, ufumu anali m'mizinda 1859, zigawo 1538, 321 prefecture ndiwo anawerengedwa. Zambiri za anthu - 80-90% - ankakhala m'madera akumidzi. Panali kusamuka kwa anthu a kumpoto chakum'mwera. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi ziwerengero. Mu gawo kumpoto mu zaka zoyambirira za mafumu ndi moyo 75%, ndipo zaka zomalizira za% 50 okha. Chiwerengero sanakule kwambiri mpaka chiyambi cha Song. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi kum'mwera ndi chapakati China kuyamba mwachangu kukula kupanga mpunga. Pamene processing minda anayamba ntchito zapamwamba machitidwe ulimi wothirira. Chifukwa mofulumira kwambiri kutukula alionse State ayamba osachepera kawiri.

Zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro

Monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, pa siteji mafumu otsiriza kwambiri adakula mphamvu ya akazembe olamulira zigawo. Iwo anayamba kuchita zinthu pafupifupi osiyana, olamulira palokha. Mu ulamuliro wa Mapu chinali ponseponse chivundi. Mphamvu chapakati kwambiri anali wosadziŵa kwambiri kuthetseratu izo. Komanso, kungasokoneze mtundu wa dynastic ndi chokhwima nyengo. Kwa chilalacho, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kulephera kwa mbewu yoyamba, ndiyeno imfa. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti zachiwawa kuti anatembenuka kenako mu chiwembu zikuluzikulu. Pomaliza, ulamuliro wa Mafumu Tang anali mawu gululi kutsogoleredwa ndi Huang Chao, kenako otsatira ake. Mwa chigamulo kalasi anayamba kupanga magulu osiyana, kulowa kukangana wina ndi mzake. Zigawenga anagwidwa, kenako ransacked mitu iwiri ya boma - Luoyang ndi Chang'an. Kuti adzaletse kupanduka kwa boma kuti panatenga zaka zoposa 10. Ngakhale kuti zipolowe anali itatha, pa Mafumu Tang sizikanatha atsogolere boma boma kale bwino. Chzhu Ven, amene anali mutu wotsiriza wa opandukawo wamba ikuchitika kulanda boma mu dziko. Iye anachotsa mu 907, mfumu yomaliza Li Zhu. Chzhu Ven amene ankachita nawo nthawi ya kupanduka otsiriza, anapereka Huang Chao. Choyamba iye anapita mbali ya Mafumu Tang. Kenako Komabe, pafupi kwa bwalolo, iye anagonjetsa mfumu yotsiriza. Iye analenga mafumu atsopano natenga kachisi dzina la Tai Chi. zokhumba wake chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano mu mbiri ya dzikoli. Kuyambira zaka 907 kwa 960. panali nthawi ya Khumi maufumu ndi Dynasties asanu.

Pomaliza

Tang Mafumu unatha motalika kokwanira. ulamuliro wake Komabe, bwino kokha mu gawo loyamba pamaso pa imeneyi zaka 690-705. Utsogoleli lonse la dziko sanali kulemba zokwanira. Mafumu, kupatula woyamba, anapatsa mphamvu zambiri nkhani. Izi zapangitsa kuti imfa ndi mwamsanga ulamuliro pa anthu ndi boma wonse.