V-2 (chombo) - sverhoruzhie Chachitatu Ulamuliro wa Nazi

Kodi nthano chabe sali panopa amakhala nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Hitler! Ndege patsogolo chinapululutsa phiko ndege ndege "mbale zowuluka," pamwamba-chinsinsi kafukufuku labu Anenerbe ili pafupi makilomita mobisa ...

Koposa zonse izi - sizopeka mwachizolowezi ndi moona kuona zilubwelubwe. Koma panali gawo lina limene Germany kwenikweni ndatopa - rocketry. V-2 "kubwezera zida" analidi yojambula sayansi. Makamaka "anayamikira" mphamvu ya miyala iyi ya British kuyambira chida zinalengedwa ndi ntchito kuukira London.

A mwachidule mbiri

Aliyense V-2 anali kuthamanga kuyambira ndi gulu lapadera yam'manja. Pa gulu lililonse mzinga, adali ndi kutalika mamita 14, anali pafupi matani mabomba. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mtundu wa chida anagwa pa London kumayambiriro September 1944. Pambuyo iye anasiya khumi hopper, atatu anaphedwa ndi 22 molasidwa munthu.

Pamaso izo Germany anagwiritsa ntchito zouluka bomba V-1, koma njira ili mukuimira munthu wa chitsanzo latsopano zida. Chida ntchentche kwa cholinga mphindi zisanu chabe, umene njira kudziwika nyengo anali kutsogolo kwake kwathunthu mphamvu. Kuchokera mbiri imanena kuti V-2 ndi kuyesa atsopano a makampani chitetezo German likatembenuza mafunde a nkhondo kupembedzera kwawo. Zotsatira za mudziko lachiwiri 'superweapon' analibe mphamvu, koma m'pamene ndi yosaiwalika mu chitukuko cha padziko lonse zida ndi danga kufufuza.

Mboni ananena kuti milu yaikulu zinyalala kuwuka mu mlengalenga, ndipo izi zonse anali limodzi ndi chimkokomo. Kukhazikitsa mivi okha zapita pafupifupi mwakachetechete: nthawi zambiri, chochitika amawoneka ngati thonje kuwala kumene kumachokera mbali ina ya Channel.

Pa chitukuko ndi mtengo ...

Kodi anthu ambiri anafa chifukwa cha V-2 Launch akadali osadziwika, monga deta amenewa sizinalembedwe kulikonse. Akukhulupirira kuti munthu mmodzi yekha Britain kuukira chida unapha pafupifupi zikwi zitatu anthu. Ndicho yekha kupanga wokha "zodabwitsa zida" watenga moyo wa anthu osachepera 20 chikwi.

Maroketi anamanga mphamvu akaidi kundende ina. Palibe anakhulupirira kuti anthuwo anali sikuthandiza chilichonse. Kupita V-2 roketi pafupi Buchenwald, ntchitoyi usana ndi usiku. Kuti athandize kumbali ya ndondomekoyi, akatswiri (makamaka owotcherera ndi turners) anabweretsedwa ku ndende zina German ndende. Anthu anali ndi njala, iwo anali kutuluka kwa dzuwa mu bunkers ndi mobisa. Akaidi aliyense vuto anapachikidwa mwachindunji pa mizere Kireni msonkhano.

Mlengi wa maroketi awa, Wernher von Braun, mwina namatetule wa roketi dziko. Zoipa namatetule, inu mukuti von Braun konse anazunza amene akupita kulenga zida zawo, zinthu zimene akaidi zopanda ntchito ndipo anafa. Komabe, kuzindikira yoyamikira anthu a anali m'munsi yofunika kwambiri adani pambuyo adani a zolembedwa luso pa mivi anavomereza ukulu wa chitukuko German ntchito zawo.

Kenako, nyenyezi!

Chifukwa nthawi yake, injini roketi zinali zamphamvu kwambiri: anatha kukatola ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 80 makilomita mu ndege osiyanasiyana makilomita pafupifupi 200. The amagetsi opaleshoni chisakanizo cha mpweya ndi Mowa luso. N'kofunika kwambiri kuti Germany anayamba ntchito oxidant kotunga (mpweya), amene anaikidwa mu chidebe pa bolodi roketi. Izi zimapangitsa osadalira pa mlengalenga yozungulira. Ndiponso, popeza kuti anali wokhoza kwambiri kuonjezera injini mphamvu. Tikhoza kunena kuti V-2 roketi anali njira yoyamba kuti akhoza kwenikweni kusiya Earth, kufika thambo.

Kumene, chitukuko pang'ono m'dera limeneli panali pafupifupi 30 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Koma iwo onse yodziwika ndi kukula mochuluka wodzichepetsa, malo ka mafuta, ndi danga kapangidwe palibe ngakhale ndinaganiza. Choncho, V-2, "wapamwamba chida" wa ulamuliro wa Hitler, anali ankamasulira chenicheni chimene chinathandiza onse a anthu kufufuza pafupi-Earth danga.

yojambula zamakono

Koma ngakhale izi siziri choncho chidwi amaphunzitsidwa anagwirizana limati. Zofunika kwambiri zamakono luso, amene massively ntchito pomanga miyala iyi wakhala kwathunthu dongosolo yoyenda yokha kutsata.

M'masiku amenewo anali zongopeka weniweni, kupanga kuti weniweni yekha V-2! "Super chida" wa ulamuliro wa Hitler akhoza kugunda chandamale ake konse popanda kufunika kwenikweni-kuchokera pansi. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi chidwi ndi kutukula German ntchito yosavuta zamagetsi (masiku awa). The "ulendo kompyuta" musanayambe kulowa ndondomeko zolinga umene ndi 'lolunjika' roketi.

Other luso zothetsera

Komanso, anali woyamba ntchito mwachindunji ndi gyroscopes, lomwe ndi ndithu mwatsatanetsatane khola ndege. Zigwiriro oyenerera pa stabilizers lateral kudzudzulidwa malangizo kukachitika kuti chida adasokera njira akonzedwa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale pang'ono kutha kwa nkhondo Soviet Union, United States ndi Britain ankafunitsitsa kuti alande njira yopangira V-2 (Yerekezerani iye uko pa masamba a m'nkhaniyi).

Zifukwa zoonekeratu, von Braun sanali kwambiri analakalaka kuti m'manja mwa asilikali Soviet ankaona American "mkaidi". Soviet Union komanso anakhalabe pafupifupi Khamu lonselo mzere, nthawi zingapo za maroketi ndi anthu ochepa a anthu ogwira ntchito zamanja. Russian ndi American akatswiri ankaiphwasula zipangizo katundu, amene anagwa ku mayiko awo, kwenikweni cogs. Komabe, mulidziwe German V-2 roketi ndi chidwi kuti iwo yomweyo anatenga ndalama zochepa pa nyanja. Pali njira yatsopano akugwiritsa ntchito zina zatsopano okwera.

Brown pofuna

Mu United States ankadziwa kuti V-2 constructor amene ali chofunika kwambiri kuposa mzere msonkhano kupanga ake. Von Braun ankadziwa kuti America yomweyo kum'patsa zonse zofunikira kwa moyo wabwino ndi kupitiriza ntchito zina, koma chifukwa msanga anagonja lankhondo. Tiyenera kupereka msonkho kwa munthu uyu: ngakhale mbali yake yogwira mu pulogalamu ya chilengedwe nkhondo intercontinental, iye akha- ntchito yaikulu ya dipatimenti lolunjika pa chitukuko cha pulogalamu danga, chifukwa ichi ndi chomwe ndoto pafupifupi onse moyo wanga.

Posachedwa mivi mlengi V-2 amapanga Baibulo wake American, "Redstone". Ndi kwenikweni ndi kupitiriza kwa mzere wa maroketi German, ndi zazing'ono "zodzikongoletsera" patsogolo ndi zina. Patapita kanthawi, ndi linakonzedwanso ndipo kwambiri bwino Baibulo la "Redstone" mu 1961, ku America ntchito kupulumutsa mu kanjira wokayenda pamwezi, yosapitirira Alan Shepard.

Anasiya von Braun

Choncho, kupeza ulalo pakati pa mabomba amene anali kupita kwa ndalama miyoyo ya akaidi zikwizikwi za nkhondo, ndi ndege yoyamba mu danga si zovuta. Mwachidule, Achimereka muli osati mlengi wa V-2, komanso zochitika zamakono onse a m'dera lino. Technology, chomwe mtengo chuma yaikulu, zofunika kwambiri zimene zinali anthu.

Kamodzi pali ndithu zovuta makhalidwe zikuyenela funso: kodi zinthu zinali kutumiza munthu mu mlengalenga, yokumba Kanema wa Dziko Lapansi ndipo anayenda pa mwezi, osati ntchito luso, umene unali mwakuchita Nazi Asayansi? Kumene, Soviet Union ndi United States ndi chitukuko, koma "thandizo" wa Nazi Germany analola kupulumutsa ndalama yaikulu kwambiri nthawi ndi ndalama. Ambiri, kanthu sikunachitekepo chinachitika nthawi ili: nkhondo basi kutero mafakitale sayansi. Mu 30-40s wa atumwi otsiriza makamaka bwanji roketi, zomwe mpaka ndiye anakhala pafupifupi mu Chiyambi chake.

zopereka linamuchititsa kufufuza malo

Nthawi zambiri, anthu mfundo zofunika amene anakamba V-1 V-2, sizinasinthe kwambiri pa zaka zapitazi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mkuluyu yomanga chombo injini amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa, utsi madzi kutsimikizira kuti ndi njira yabwino, ndi kachitidwe ndege olimba ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chimodzimodzi gyroscopes onse. Zonse zimenezi kamodzi anaika kuyamika V-2. "The chida kubwezera" kamodzinso anasonyeza mphamvu ya malingaliro. Chifukwa adakali ntchito njira, mwamunayo anali chikumbutso zonse kuti sayansi inayenera kudziwa anthu.

ntchito masiku ano

Musaganize kuti FAA lero alipo yekha mu mawonekedwe a mapulogalamu danga boma. Pafupifupi 15-20 zaka zapitazo ena okonda anayamba kulankhula za kuti posachedwapa chilengedwe cha spacecraft adzakhala wapadera wa akatswiri mseri. Lero, Eloni Musk anasonyeza choonadi cha mawu awa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu awa sangadalire thandizo la ndalama wamphamvu, palibe amene adakhulupirira iwo. Ndipo makamaka iwo alibe aliyense kusamutsa luso limene ife tikhoza kumanga chombo. Thandizo adabweranso V-2. Zinali chiwembu ake kupanga maziko a spacecraft wa constructors payekha, umene posachedwapa kuyamba malonjezo kukakumana malamulo lalikulu dziko ku gawo boma.