Von Neumann zomangamanga: mbiri ya yatsoka akuti

Nyumba ya Von Neumann, imatchedwanso Von Neumann chitsanzo, kapena Princeton zomangamanga, zochokera njira zafotokozedwa mu 1945, masamu ndi sayansi John Von Neumann mu lipoti "The bukuli" wa EDVAC kompyuta.

Kamangidwe dera

lipoti ananena Von Neumann zomangamanga chithunzi cha kompyuta kompyuta digito ndi mbali wopangidwa mayunitsi processing chikukhudza:

• ndi masamu mfundo wagawo;
• akaundula a purosesa ya;
• ulamuliro wagawo chikukhudza ndi malangizo m'kaundula ndi pulogalamu kauntala;
• chikumbukiro cha kasungidwe deta;
• kunja kwa thupi yosungirako chipangizo;
• athandizira ndi linanena bungwe njira.

Tanthauzo la chitukuko inkakhala chakuti mfundo iliyonse kusungidwa pa mfundo kompyuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwa dongosolo, imene opaleshoni, deta anasankha sangathe idzaseweredwe pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa ali nawo basi wamba. Iwo amatchulidwa "bukuli", limene limafotokoza wasayansi ganizo zimene zomangamanga ayenera kukhala. Von Neumann otchedwa ichi zinthu "bottleneck", nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza ntchito za kachitidwe.

Mfundo za Von Neumann zomangamanga

Intaneti kompyuta - kompyuta, kasungidwe pulogalamu kuti limapangidwa malangizo pulogalamu, deta kuwerenga, kulemba, ndi mulinso mwachisawawa mwayi kukumbukira (RAM). Mfundo za Zomangamanga ndi John Von Neumann zafotokozedwa ntchito yake "Ntchito loyamba." Malinga ndi iye, makompyuta kusungidwa mu pulogalamu kukumbukira anali kusintha ulamuliro wa makompyuta, monga ENIAC. iwowa anali analinganiza ndi atakhala masiwichi, ndi mayikidwe a chigamba, chifukwa mu ulendo deta ndi ulamuliro chizindikiro pakati midadada zosiyanasiyana zinchito. Mu ambiri kukumbukira anagwiritsanso ntchito kompyuta ano mwanjira imeneyi. Choncho kompyuta zomangamanga Von Neumann ndi osiyana, mwachitsanzo, Harvard, kotero kuti zilibe ntchito yaikulu ndi posungira kukumbukira.

prehistory

Kompyuta Hava anapatsidwa pulogalamu amodzi. Ena makompyuta yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko imeneyi kapena pa zolinga kuphweka kapena maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, kompyuta Chiwerengero alinso kompyuta ndi pulogalamu amodzi. Ingalimbikitse ndi ndizosowa masamu, koma sangathe ntchito monga munthu purosesa mawu , kapena masewera kutonthoza. Kusintha atathana makina pulogalamu amafuna rewiring, kukonzanso kapena ziŵalo zida za. Kompyuta oyambirira sikudali kutero yopapatiza, monga iwo yapangidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi zolinga sayansi. Reprogramming inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri ndipo unali njira iliyonse yolemetsa, kuyambira zithunzi chipika ndi banknotes ndi kutha ziwembu mwatsatanetsatane. Kovuta anali ndondomeko wamakono wa thupi njira makina kuchira. Zingatenge masabata atatu unsembe pa ENIAC ndi kuyesera kuti apange ntchito.

A siachilendo

Ndi kompyuta, kasungidwe pulogalamu m'chikumbumtima, zinthu zinasintha. Kusungidwa mu kukumbukira, iwo ndi kapangidwe ndi wa malangizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makina athanso akagule malangizo kuchita kuwerengetsera lapansi.

Kamangidwe ka mapologalamu oterewa anafotokoza kuti malamulo kudziletsa kusintha. Imodzi mwa mbewu choyamba zoterozo chinthu anali kufunika aligorivimu ndi kuwonjezera kapena kusintha adiresi mbali ya malamulo. Iye anayikidwa pamanja mu mapangidwe oyambirira. Izi zinadziwika zofunika zochepa pamene index akaundula ndi mosadziwika Polankhula anakhala makhalidwe ofanana wogwidwa ndi mamangidwe kompyuta makina John Von Neumann. kuligwiritsa ntchito - amaika deta samasowa mu mtsinje wa malamulo ndi njira yomweyo. Koma achinyamata kusintha malamulo Pamlingo waukulu wakhala kudzudzulidwa chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa ndi yesa. Komanso linali sinathe mawu a kubalana ndi caching machenjerero a mapurosesa ano.

Mokulira luso kuchitira malangizo ngati deta - ichi ndi chomwe chimapangitsa assemblers, ankalemba, assemblers, loaders ndi zipangizo zina ndi zinthu zotheka mapulogalamu makina. Titero, kulemba mapulogalamu kuti kulemba mapulogalamu. Pamlingo aang'ono, chosatha kwambiri athandizira ndi linanena bungwe ntchito, monga mwai BitBlt-fano wosazindikira kapena mapikiselo ndi vertex shaders mu masiku ano 3D-zithunzi, apeza kuti kukhala operewera kuthamanga popanda zida wosuta.

Development wa mfundo ndi kusungidwa mu pulogalamu kukumbukira

Masamu Alan Turing, amene ankachita chidwi ndi vuto maganizo masamu pambuyo nkhani Max Newman pa University Cambridge, analemba nkhani mu 1936, inafalitsidwa mu kope wa London masamu Society. M'bukuli, iye anafotokoza makina Wonenedwa, amene adayitana "konsekonse kompyuta makina" ndipo tsopano amatchedwa Turing makina konsekonse. Iye anali kusungiramo wopandamalire (mu terminology zamakono - kukumbukira), lomwe munali malangizo onse ndi deta, amene analengedwa ndi mamangidwe a. Von Neumann anadziwa Turing pa nthawi imene iye anali kuyendera pulofesa Cambridge mu 1935, ndipo m'kupita kwa kuteteza zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii pa Institute Turing Yophunzirira mwaukadauloZida ku Princeton (New Jersey) mu 1936-1937.

Paokha Ji Presper Eckert ndi Dzhon Mochli, amene anayambitsa ENIAC Sukulu ya zamagetsi pa University of Pennsylvania, analemba za mfundo za makina, zomwe zimasunga pulogalamu m'chikumbumtima mu December 1943. Pamene akukonzekera makina atsopano, ndi EDVAC, Eckert analemba January 1944 kuti izo kusunga deta ndi mapulogalamu latsopano chipangizo addressable kukumbukira ntchito zachitsulo Mercury yomweyo. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba yomanga makina mchitidwe zimene zimasunga msonkhanowo kukumbukira akhala akufuna. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ndi Mauchly sanali kudziwa ntchito Turing (onani chithunzi m'munsimu).

Computer zomangamanga: Von Neumann mfundo

Von Neumann anali nawo "Project Manhattan" pa Laboratory National ku Los Alamos, amene tinafunika yaikulu masovedwe. Ndi chidwi ndi ntchitoyi m'chilimwe cha 1944 ENIAC. Pali analowa zokambirana pa kompyuta chitukuko EDVAC. Mwa gulu, iye analemba pepala lotchedwa "A lipoti loyamba kulowa usilikali pa EDVAC» lagona pa ntchito Eckert ndi Mauchly. Zinali yosatha pamene mnzake wake Goldstein anagawira ntchito ndi Von Neumann (by njira, Eckert ndi Mauchly anadabwa uthenga). Chikalata ichi chakhala kuwerenga ndi ambiri anzake Von Neumann ku America ndi Europe ndi kunathandiza kwambiri pa siteji yotsatira chitukuko kompyuta.

Zoyamba za Von Neumann zomangamanga, monga watchulidwa mu "bukuli," zinatchuka pamene Turing yokutidwa lipoti lake pa Chiwerengero pakompyuta, omwe anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zomangamanga ndi dongosolo. Atanena ndi ulaliki wa galimoto la wolemba, amene ankatchedwa Makinawa Computing Engine (Ace). Iye anafotokoza kuti komiti wamkulu wa British National thupi Laboratory mu 1946. Patapita kanthawi ngakhale kukhazikitsa bwino kapangidwe zosiyanasiyana Ace zinalembedwa.

Yambani ntchito

Ndi ntchito mapepala Von Neumann ndi Turing akufotokoza kompyuta kasungidwe m'chikumbumtima pulogalamu zenizeni, koma nkhani Von Neumann akwaniritsa kufalitsidwa kwambiri anthu, ndipo zomangamanga kompyuta anadziwika monga John Von Neumann zomangamanga.

Mu 1945, Pulofesa Neumann, amene ndiye ntchito ku sukulu ukachenjede ku Philadelphia, kumene woyamba ENIAC inamangidwa, anapereka m'malo mwa anzake afotokoze kapangidwe zomveka makompyuta yadigito. lipoti akupereka maganizo mwachilungamo malangizo pomanga makina, amene wakhala ikutchedwa EDVAC. Iye anali kokha posachedwapa akhazikitsidwa mu America, koma lipoti zachititsa chidwi kulengedwa kwa Von Neumann EDSAC.

Maniacs ndi Joniacs

Mu 1947, Burks, Goldstein ndi Von Neumann Lipoti lina limene yokutidwa yomanga mtundu wina wa galimoto (ichi kufanana nthawi), umene ukuyenera kukhala mofulumira kwambiri, aluso, mwina, kunyamula ntchito 20,000 pa mphindi. Anaona kuti vuto osathetsedwa pomanga zinali chitukuko cha kukumbukira abwino, nkhani zonse zimene ziyenera kukhala yomweyo zilipo. Choyamba, iwo akufuna kuti ntchito yapadera zingalowe chubu, wotchedwa Selectron, amene anali anatulukira pa zasayansi Princeton. machubu amenewa ndi okwera mtengo, ndi kuwapanga iwo zovuta, makamaka ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga izi. Von Neumann kenako abverana kuti amange galimoto potengera kukumbukira Williams wa. makina, umene unakwaniritsidwa mu June 1952 ku Princeton, wakhala wotchuka wamisala (kapena monga Maniacs). kamangidwe kake linauziridwa ndi ndiAmene pa pomanga theka dazeni kapena zipangizo zambiri zofanana, amene tsopano ikumangidwa ku America ndipo anaitana azithunzithunzi Johniacs.

mfundo chilengedwe

Chimodzi mwa makompyuta ano digito, embodying chitukuko ndi kusintha mu njira ya masovedwe basi pakompyuta wasonyeza pa National thupi Laboratory mu Teddington, komwe kulinganizidwa ndi kumangidwa ndi gulu laling'ono la masamu, akatswiri ndi akatswiri kafukufuku, ndi thandizo angapo a akatswiri kupanga ku English Zamagetsi Company Ltd. Zipangizo akali zasayansi, koma monga zinachitika chomera yaikulu yomwe chikudziwika ngati Makinawa Computing Engine. Koma ngakhale kulemera ochepa ndi ochititsa mavavu 800 okha thermionic, ndi mofulumira kwambiri ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ochuluka makina.

mfundo ndiponso mfundo zofunika umboni mawerengedwe ntchito makina akhala anakonza ndi Dr. Turing pamaziko a yemweyo London masamu Society mu 1936, koma ntchito pa makina amenewa mu UK yachedwetsedwa ndi nkhondo. Mu 1945, mosamala mavuto kulenga makina onga anapitiriza National thupi Laboratory Dr. Vormsli, Superintendent wa Dipatimenti ya Masamu Laboratory. Analowa Turing ndi gulu laling'ono la akatswiri ndi 1947 mapulani kuyambirira anali mokwanira patsogolo kulungamitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lapadera.

Kompyuta woyamba pa zomangamanga Von Neumann

The ntchito yoyamba anafotokoza chiwembu kuti yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayunivesite ambiri ndi mabungwe kumanga makompyuta awo. Mwa iwo okha ILLIAC ORDVAC ndipo ndi n'zogwirizana malangizo waika.

Chakale Von Neumann zomangamanga chinali mu Manchester makina yaing'ono experimental (SSEM), dzina Baby pa yunivesite ya Manchester, amene anapanga yake ndi moyo Launch woyamba chipangizo amene wagwirizira pulogalamu kukumbukira, 21 June 1948.

EDSAC University of Cambridge, woyamba othandiza pakompyuta kompyuta a mtundu umenewu, unayambitsidwa bwinobwino nthawi yoyamba mu May 1949.

Kukula kwa zitsanzo kulengedwa

IBM SSEC ndi mwayi kuganizira malangizo ngati deta ndi pamaso anasonyeza January 27, 1948. Luso limeneli ndi mwalamulo ku US Pat. Komabe, pang'ono electromechanical makina, osati kwathunthu amagetsi. Zochita malangizo anali kuwerenga kuchokera pa tepi pepala chifukwa yokumbukira ake okha.

Baby anali woyamba kwathunthu pakompyuta kompyuta kuthamanga mapulogalamu kusungidwa. Iwo factoring pulogalamu anathamangira kwa mphindi 52, 21 June 1948 pambuyo kuyambira ndi mawerengedwe yosavuta kugawa mawerengedwe amene amasonyeza kuti manambala awiri coprime.

ENIAC anali kusinthidwa kuti ntchito kompyuta wosazindikira kwa kuwerenga kokha, koma pa zomangamanga yemweyo, ndipo wasonyeza September 16, 1948, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo Adele Goldstein bungwe mothandizidwa ndi Von Neumann.

BINAC anakhala mapulogalamu angapo mayeso February, March ndi April 1949, ngakhale kuti sanali anamaliza mpaka September 1949. Komanso, amathamanga mayeso kunachitika (ena bwino) zina makompyuta pakompyuta, ndilo khalidwe la zomangamanga ndi. Von Neumann, ndi njira, ndipo anapitiriza ntchito pa "Manhattan" ntchito. Ameneyo ndi munthu mosalekeza.

Evolution a dongosolo basi zomangamanga

Kupyolera zaka zambiri, kale mu 60s ndipo 70s, makompyuta ambiri akhala ang'onoang'ono ndi mofulumira, chifukwa mu mfundo zimene kakusintha kompyuta zomangamanga Von Neumann. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsera kwa athandizira ndi linanena bungwe kukumbukira akulola ziwalo zipangizo, deta, ndiponso malangizo a mmene cigawo mu dongosolo umene kukonzedwa, kukhalabe kukumbukira. dongosolo A basi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupereka dongosolo yodziyimira payokha ndi ang'onoang'ono. Izi zina limatchedwa kuti "kusalumikizana" wa zomangamanga. M'zaka wotsatira, nthawi zina microcontrollers yosavuta sindigwiritsa ntchito zina za chitsanzo lililonse kuti kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kukula. Koma makompyuta chachikulu kutsatira zomangamanga anakhazikitsa, monga anawonjezera mbali kusintha ntchito.