Polyols: mapangidwe, Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa

Alcohols zichokera mamolekyulu hydrocarbon imene chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu wa hydrogen pafupi ndi zimalimbikitsa mpweya atomu ndi malo ndi gulu hydroxy - HA. Iwo experimentally anasonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha hydroxyls mowa molekyulu sangathe kupitiliza chiwerengero cha maatomu hydrocarbon. Malinga wa kwakukulu, kusiyanitsa acyclic (aliphatic) ndi alcohols ozungulira; ndi nambala ya magulu hydroxyl, - mono-, di-, tri- ndi alcohols polyhydric; machulukitsidwe - zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated; malo kutanthauzira kwa gulu hydroxyl mu unyolo hydrocarbon - pulayimale, sekondale ndi ukachenjede alcohols.

Polyhydric alcohols - zotumphukira wa alkanes mu mamolekyulu ndi maatomu wa hydrogen oposa atatu m'malo mwa hydroxy - HA. Pakuti alcohols ndi polyhydric ngati ofanana nawo a monosaccharides yodziwika isomerism ndi kuwala isomerism malo mu hydrocarbon unyolo HA gulu. Kuwala isomerism anafotokoza kuti luso la magulu ena a zinthu organic mu njira ya kuonetsa ntchito kuwala. ntchito kuwala zinthu anatsimikiza ntchito polarimeter.

Mkhalidwe anachita pa polyols

Zimene ambiri polyols Mkhalidwe ndi mmene zikuyendera mogwirizana hydroxide mkuwa. Pa dissolves anachita hydroxide, potero kupanga chelate zovuta wofiirira.

Polyols: akuluakulu oimira

S4N6 Chetyrehatomnye alcohols (o) 4 otchedwa tetritami, pentahydric S5N7 (o) 5 - pentitami, alcohols hexahydric S6N8 (o) 6 - hexitols. Mu gulu lirilonse ngati kusiyanitsa alcohols munthu amene maina mbiri: erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, dulcitol, mannitol, etc.

Kukonzekera polyalcohols

alcohols awa apanga ndi kuchepetsa monosaccharides, ndi condensation a aldehydes ndi formaldehyde mu sing'anga ndi zamchere. Nthawi zambiri, alcohols polyhydric anakonza kuchokera ku zipangizo zachilengedwe yaiwisi. Ena alcohols yotengedwa zipatso phiri phulusa.

Polyhydric alcohols - optically yogwira pawiri, sungunuka kwambiri madzi. The IR ndi UV makulidwe ndi mayamwidwe magulu mmene HA magulu a alcohols monohydric. Chemical katundu wa alcohols chifukwa kukhalapo kwa magulu HA. Mu zimene mankhwala awa ndi zamchere lapansi zitsulo alcoholates anapanga - saccharate. Mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa hydroxyl amene isanafalikire pafupi woyamba mpweya atomu (C1) anapanga monosaccharides.

Polyols: akuluakulu oimira

Erythritol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2SN2ON - crystalline mankhwala chimasungunula pa 121,5 ° C. The mowa pamwamba ali lichens ndi ndere. Erythritol akhoza analandira chifukwa ayambe 1,3-butadiene ndi erythrose. Anati mowa ntchito kupanga mankhwala kuphulika, mwamsanga-kuyanika inks, emulsifiers.

Xylitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 3SNON - timibulu wokoma, mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, anasungunuka pa kutentha madigiri 61,5. The mowa pamwamba akhoza apanga ndi kuchepetsa xylose. Xylitol ntchito makampani chakudya kupanga zakudya odwala matenda ashuga, komanso kupanga resins alkyd, atayanika mafuta, ndi surfactants.

Pentaerythritol, C (CH2OH) 4 - olimba bwino sungunuka m'madzi. Akamagwira yatikhudza formaldehyde ndi acetaldehyde pamaso pa Ca (o) 2. Izo ntchito mu kupanga polyesters, resins alkyd, tetrapentaeritrita, surfactants, plasticizers kwa polyvinyl enaake, mafuta kupanga. Zikusonyeza katundu chomwa mankhwalawa.

Mannitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - lokoma kukoma mankhwala chimasungunula pa madigiri 165. Ali ndere, bowa, ndere, zomera apamwamba. Ntchito monga diuretic ndi monga pophika mankhwala zodzikongoletsera (mafuta).

D-Sorbitol HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4SN2ON - chimasungunula pa madigiri 96. The mowa zipatso wolemera mwa phiri phulusa. Sorbitol analandira mu kuchepetsa shuga. Anati mowa ndi mankhwala wapakatikati mu kaphatikizidwe wa vitamini C, zikusonyeza diuretic kanthu, ntchito m'malo odwala matenda ashuga sucrose.