Gulu la chakudya, mtengo ndi zambiri za iwo.

Chakudya - mankhwala organic mu zikuchokera nthawi zambiri zikuphatikizapo zinthu mankhwala atatu: Mpweya, hydrogen ndi oxygen. A zambiri chakudya kuwonjezera zinthu izi zili Phosphorus, Sulfa, ndi Nayitirojeni. biopolymers awa inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe. Biosynthesis chakudya zomera imagwiridwa chifukwa cha photosynthesis. Chakudya amapanga za 80-90% ya kulemera youma zomera.

Anthu, anthu ambiri zimam'patsa zochokera pa nkhani youma peresenti 2%. Chakudya ndi gweronso lalikulu la mphamvu mankhwala kwa thupi. Akuwaza chakudya n'kofunika, makamaka kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo zina. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe zosowa zawo makamaka chifukwa akuwaza a shuga: ubongo - ndi 80%, mtima - pa 70 - 75%. Chakudya ndi waikamo mu zimakhala za chamoyo mmalo michere (glycogen). Ena mwa iwo ntchito thandizo (asidi hyaluronic), zimakhudzidwa ntchito zoteteza, sachedwa chitukuko tizilombo (ntchofu) ndi maziko mankhwala kumangira mamolekyulu biopolymer, zigawo zikuluzikulu za mankhwala mphamvu, etc.

Gulu la chakudya.

chakudya onse m'magulu awiri: monosaccharides (chakudya yosavuta , kapena monosaccharides), polysaccharides (chakudya zovuta kapena polyose), zomwe zigwirizana wa zatsalira ochepa mamolekyulu monosaccharide zinalumikizana pamodzi.

Gulu la chakudya: monosaccharides.

The monosaccharides munali ndi aldehyde gulu amatchedwa aldoses, ndi iwo amene ali ndi ketone gulu, - ketosis. Ndi chakudya achidule aldehyde ndi keto alcohols ndi mpweya chiwerengero osachepera atatu. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya Monosaccharides anawagawa trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.

Triose. Zili zimakhala ndi mthupi mu mawonekedwe a esters asidi orthophosphoric monga mankhwala wapakatikati wa zimam'patsa kagayidwe pa zochita glycolysis ndi nayonso mphamvu. Tetroses. Chofunika Kwambiri, erythrose zopezeka nsalu mu mawonekedwe a orthophosphoric asidi Ester - mankhwala pentose njira zimam'patsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pentose. Ambiri pentose ndi aumbike mwa anthu m'mimba thirakiti chifukwa cha hydrolysis wa pentosans zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Part pentoses inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kagayidwe m'khalapakati, makamaka mu njira pentose. Mu zimakhala pentoses ali ndi ufulu boma mu mawonekedwe ortofosfatnoi asidi esters m'gulu la mankhwala mphamvu kulemera (ATP), zidulo mkati coenzymes (NADH, potengera anzawo) ndi ena biosoedineny zofunika. Chapadera ndi pentose arabinose, ribose, deoxyribose, xylulose. Hexoses. Zidzachitika mu boma mfulu zikuchokera polysaccharides ndi mankhwala ena. Oimira chofunika kwambiri kalasi ya chakudya ndi shuga, fructose, galactose, Munoz.

Gulu la chakudya: disaccharides.

Disaccharides - ndi chakudya, mamolekyulu umene pa hydrolysis unagawika mamolekyulu awiri hexoses. Pakuti disaccharides monga maltose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose.

Pamene anangotchula disaccharides amagwiritsidwa ntchito maina mbiri anapanga (lactose, maltose, sucrose), osachepera - ndipo ndiyanzeru IUPAC nomenclature.

Disaccharides - olimba crystalline mankhwala, bwino sungunuka m'madzi, optically yogwira zokoma kukoma, waluso kuti hydrolysis asidi kapena enzymatic, akhoza kupanga esters.

Gulu la chakudya: gomopolisaharidy ndi heteropolysaccharides. The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka yokulirapo gomopolisaharidov zatsalira wina monosaccharide: shuga, Munoz, fructose, xylose, etc. Iwo yopuma (kuthetsa) zakudya thupi (glycogen, inulin, wowuma). heteropolysaccharides mamolekyulu zigwirizana ambiri monosaccharides osiyana.