The malo yogwira enzyme ndi: kapangidwe, katundu. Amene anapeza malo yogwira enzyme chiyani? Otchedwa malo yogwira enzyme chiyani?

Tinamva za michere, koma n'zokayikitsa kuti aliyense wa ife bwinobwino amadziwa mmene zinthu zimenezi imakonzedwa, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani ali ofunikira. Nkhaniyi itithandiza kumvetsa kapangidwe ndi ntchito za michere (michere) ambiri, ndipo malo awo yogwira makamaka.

kafukufuku History

Mu 1833, French sayansi Anselme Payen ndi kufotokoza za katundu wa amylase enzyme.

Patapita zaka zingapo, Louis Pasteur, kuphunzira kutembenuka kwa dzuwa mu yisiti mowa yokhudza, anandiuza kuti ndondomeko izi chifukwa mankhwala amene amapanga yisiti.

Kumapeto kwa physiologist XIX m'ma Villi Kyune anapanga mawu akuti "enzyme".

German Eduard Buchner mu 1897 kuzindikira anafotokoza zymase - enzyme zovuta kuti catalyzes kutembenuka kwa sucrose mu Mowa anachita. Mu chikhalidwe zymase ochuluka mu yisiti.

Sizikudziwika pamene ndi amene anatsegula malo yogwira enzyme ndi. kupezeka ndiye ndi Nobel sayansi Edaurdu Buchner, zamoyo wa ku America James Sumner ndi zina asayansi odziwika bwino amene ankagwira ntchito pa kuphunzira enzymatic catalysis.

General zokhudza michere

Kumbukirani kuti michere - zinthu zomanga thupi chilengedwe zomwe ntchito mu zamoyo catalysts mosiyanasiyana mankhwala. The puloteni ali mbali zomwe sizingafanane kutenga mbali mu izo, otaya anachita kumapereka pakati yogwira enzyme ndi.

Iripano katundu wa michere:

1) Mwachangu. A pang'ono chothandizira yokwanira imathandizira mankhwala anachita 10 ⁶ zina.

2) kulunjika. enzyme mmodzi si chilengedwe chothandizira zotani mu foni. Pakuti enzyme anasonyeza kulunjika kanthu: lililonse enzyme catalyzes mmodzi kapena angapo zochita ofanana ndi magawo (chakudya reactant), koma ena reagents mankhwala kwa chikhalidwe chomwecho, enzyme akhale opanda ntchito. Mogwirizana ndi magawo zoyenera ndi mathamangitsidwe zina zotani lili pakati yogwira enzyme ndi.

3) Chotsani Ntchito. Ntchito enzyme muchipindachi zikusintha ku otsika yapamwamba.

4) ndende ya michere ena selo si zonse ndi zingasiyane malingana ndi zinthu kunja. michere woteroyo zamoyo otchedwa inducible.

gulu la michere

Mu dongosolo zake, michere akhoza kugawidwa mu kumodzi ndi zovuta. Zambiri zigwirizana yekha wa zatsalira kwa amino asidi, ndi zovuta sanali mapuloteni gulu la zinthu. Zovuta otchedwa coenzymes.

Ndi mtundu wa enzyme catalysed zochita anawagawa:

1) Oxidoreductases (catalyze zochita redox).

2) Transferases (kunditumiza ku magulu osiyana a maatomu).

3) Lyases (Mamatirani nsinga mankhwala).

4) lipase (mawonekedwe kulumikizana mu zochita chifukwa cha mphamvu ya ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut zochita interconversion wa isomers).

6) Hydrolases (catalyze zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi chimbudzi m'ndende).

kapangidwe enzyme

Puloteni - kuipidwa atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena dongosolo, amene wapangidwa makamaka kwa amino zatsalira acid. Komanso pali apulasitiki gulu - chigawo chimodzi cha sanali mapuloteni chikhalidwe, amagwirizana ndi zatsalira kwa amino acid.

Michere - makamaka globular mapulotini akhoza pamodzi mu kachitidwe zovuta. Ngati zinthu zina proteinaceous, michere ndi denatured ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha kapena kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ena. Pa denaturation zimasiyanasiyana ukachenjede enzyme kapangidwe ndi Choncho katundu wa pakati yogwira michere ya. Motero, ntchito enzyme amachepetsa kwambiri.

Catalyzed gawo lapansi ndi zambiri n'chochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi puloteni yokha. The puloteni Chophweka tichipeza zatsalira sikisite kwa amino asidi, ndipo likulu lake yogwira - awiri okha.

Pali michere othandizira malo kwa amino zidulo amene si ankaimira, ndi organic apulasitiki gulu, kapena (zambiri) zochita kupanga chiyambi - cofactor.

Lingaliro la malo yogwira

Mbali yaing'ono ya enzyme mwachindunji nawo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Mbali imeneyi ya enzyme lotchedwa malo yogwira. The malo yogwira enzyme ndi - ndi zamadzimadzi, ochepa zatsalira ndi kwa amino asidi kapena apulasitiki gulu, chimene chimamanga kwa gawo lapansi ndi catalyzes anachita. The zatsalira kwa amino asidi wa malo yogwira mwina ndine zidulo aliyense kwa amino - kumalo ozizira, nonpolar, kuimbidwa mlandu, onunkhira uncharged.

The yogwira pakati enzyme (zamadzimadzi ichi, amino zidulo ndi zinthu zina amatha yatikhudza ndi reagents ndi) - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya enzyme, popanda zinthu zimenezi zikanakhala zopanda ntchito.

Childs, enzyme molekyulu ali chimodzi chokha yogwira malo, ndi kumanga ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo reagents ofanana. The zatsalira kwa amino asidi wa pakati yogwira anapanga wa hydrogen, hydrophobic kapena covalent kumangidwa, musayambe enzyme-gawo lapansi zovuta.

Kapangidwe ka malo yogwira

The malo yogwira michere, yosavuta zovuta ndi thumba kapena kagawo. nyumba imeneyi ya pakati yogwira enzyme ayenera kutsatira geometrically ndi electrostatically gawo lapansi, kuyambira kusintha kapangidwe ukachenjede ya enzyme mwina kusintha malo yogwira.

Kumanga ndi othandizira pakati - malo a pakati yogwira enzyme ndi. Mwachionekere, malo kumangako "macheke" gawo lapansi ngakhale, ndipo amagwirizana ndi izo, ndi malo othandizira mwachindunji nawo zotani.

KUMANGA wa pakati yogwira gawo lapansi ndi

Kuti afotokoze mmene malo yogwira enzyme kugwirizana ndi reagent makamaka, mfundo zingapo akhala akufuna. Wotchuka kwambiri wa iwo - chiphunzitso Fisher, ndi chiphunzitso cha "loko ndi kiyi". Fisher adafotokoza kuti pali enzyme oyenereradi lililonse gawo lapansi katundu thupi ndi mankhwala. Pambuyo mapangidwe zosintha aliyense zimachokeradi enzyme-gawo lapansi zovuta.

Katswiri wina American - Daniel Koshland - anawonjezera Fisher kopanda cha chiphunzitso chakuti malo yogwira enzyme akhoza kusintha conformation wawo si woyenera ndi gawo lapansi makamaka.

The kinetics mosiyanasiyana enzymatic

Features enzymatic anachita akuphunzira sayansi siaboma - enzyme kinetics. imeneyi sayansi maphunziro mosiyanasiyana ndi woipa osiyana a michere ndi magawo, ndi kudalira pa mlingo anachita pa kutentha mkati mwa selo ndi katundu wa malo yogwira michere malinga ndi magawo thupi ndi mankhwala a sing'anga.

kinetics puloteni ukugwira ntchito mfundo monga mlingo anachita, mphamvu kutsegula, kutsegula chotchinga, ntchito maselo, ntchito yeniyeni ndi ena. Taonani zina mwa mfundo izi.

Kuti panali anachita zamoyo wa reagents zofunika kusamutsa ena mphamvu. mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa kutsegula mphamvu.

Kuwonjezera enzyme kuti reactants ndi kuchepetsa kutsegula mphamvu. Ena zinthu chiyani popanda nawo michere, kuyambira kutsegula mphamvu ndi okwera kwambiri. Anachita mgwirizano sakhala kuloza ndi Kuwonjezera enzyme ndi.

Mlingo anachita - kuchuluka kwa mankhwala anachita anaonekera kapena anasowa nthawi unit.

N'kutheka wa mathamangidwe anatani gawo lapansi ndende dimensionless kuchuluka thupi amadziwika - Michaelis zonse.

Maselo Ntchito - chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu gawo lapansi kuti mtima kuti kam'bulu kamodzi ka enzyme pa nthawi unit.