Ntchito michere. Udindo wa michere mu thupi

Michere - ndi mapuloteni globular, zomwe zimathandiza pochitika njira zonse ma. Monga catalysts onse, iwo akhoza osabwerera Poyankha, ndipo ntchito imathandizira izo.

Kutanthauzira kwa michere mu selo

Mkati mwa selo michere munthu zambiri zili ndi ntchito mu organelles mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. Kutanthauzira kwa michere mwachindunji ndi ntchito zomwe kawirikawiri amachita malo selo.

Pafupifupi onse a michere ya glycolysis zili cytoplasm lapansi. Michere Krebs mkombero - mu masanjidwewo kwa mayitirokondiriyoni. The yogwira ali lysosomes hydrolysis.

Zina zimakhala ndi ziwalo za nyama ndi zomera simuli pa m'ndandanda wa michere, komanso chifukwa cha ntchito. Izi nsalu Mbali ntchito kukomoka ku matenda a matenda ena.

Komanso pali zina zaka pokha ntchito ndipo anapereka kwa michere mu zimakhala ndi. Iwo ali bwino kwambiri kuonekera nthawi chitukuko embryonic pamene minofu zosiyanasiyana.

Nomenclature wa michere

Pali kachitidwe angapo maudindo, omwe amaganizira katundu wa enzyme kuti amakhala osiyana.

• Zazing'ono. Mayina a mankhwala amapatsidwa otchulidwa mwachisawawa. Mwachitsanzo, pepsin (pepsis -. "Chimbudzi", m'Chigiriki) Ndipo trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" Chigriki.)
• Zomveka. Dzina la enzyme ndi wapangidwa ndi gawo lapansi ndipo mapeto a "-ase". Mwachitsanzo, amylase Iyamba Kuthamanga hydrolysis wa wowuma (amylo -. "Wowuma" Greek).
• Moscow. Iwo anavomerezedwa mu 1961 ndi bungwe la International pa nomenclature wa michere pa V Mayiko amuzolengedwa Congress. Title mankhwala wapangidwa kwa gawo lapansi ndi zimene amene catalyzed (mofulumira) ndi puloteni lapansi. Ngati ntchito ya michere ndi kusamutsa gulu la atomu ku kam'bulu kamodzi (gawo lapansi) kwa wina (ndi acceptor), chothandizira zikuphatikizapo dzina ndi dzina mankhwala acceptor lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu kwa amino gulu kutengerapo zimachititsa alanine kwa asidi 2-oksiglutarovuyu nawo enzyme alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. dzina umalimbikitsa:
• gawo lapansi - alanine;
• acceptor - asidi 2-oxoglutaric;
• kwa amino analekerera ku zotani.

Commission maiko ambiri akhala analemba mndandanda wa michere onse amene akudziwika, amene nthawi zonse zatsopano. Ichi ndi chifukwa atulukira zinthu zatsopano.

gulu la michere

Share michere mu magulu m'njira ziwiri. Woyamba amapereka osiyana zinthu:

• losavuta - ankalemba yekha mapuloteni;
• zovuta - munali mapuloteni gawo (apoenzyme) ndipo sanali mapuloteni otchedwa coenzyme.

Mavitamini angakhale m'gulu sanali mapuloteni mbali ya zovuta enzyme. Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina kumachitika mwa malo yogwira. Total enzyme molekyulu Kodi nawo mchitidwewo.

Katundu wa michere, komanso mapulotini ena, ofunitsitsa ndi dongosolo lawo. Malinga catalysts izo imathandizira yekha angachitire.

Gulu njira yachiwiri ukugawa Ndipotu, zimene ntchito imagwiridwa ndi michere. Chifukwa ndi makalasi asanu:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Gulu ochiritsira, iwo amasiyana osati mitundu ya zochita kuti zonse michere nakhala nawo. Mu zinthu za magulu osiyana a dongosolo ndi osiyana. Ndipo ntchito ya michere muchipindachi, kotero, sangakhale chimodzimodzi.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Ntchito yaikulu ya gulu loyamba la michere - mathamangitsidwe mosiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa. Mbali khalidwe: luso kupanga mkanda michere zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni, imene kulanda ma elekitironi kapena maatomu wa hydrogen ku gawo lapansi loyamba kwa acceptor komaliza. mankhwala awa anasiyanitsidwa malinga ndi mfundo ya ntchito kapena pa ntchito zotani.

1. Thupi dehydrogenase (oxidase) imathandizira kulanda ma elekitironi kapena mapulotoni mwachindunji ndi ma atomu oxygen. Anaerobic komanso kuchita kanthu chomwecho, koma zochita zimene zimachitika popanda kulanda ma elekitironi kapena maatomu wa hydrogen pa maatomu oxygen.
2. Pulayimale dehydrogenase catalyzed ndondomeko maatomu achire wa hydrogen ku zinthu oxidizable (gawo lapansi yaikulu). Secondary - imathandizira kuchotsa maatomu wa hydrogen ku gawo lapansi sekondale zinakonzedwa ndi ntchito dehydrogenase chachikulu.

Chinthu china: pokhala chothandizira ziwiri chigawo chomwe chili ndi chochepa kwambiri cha coenzyme (yogwira gulu), iwo akhoza imathandizira pa m'ndandanda wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa. Izi zimatheka ndi ambiri mitundu: ndi coenzyme chomwecho akhoza kutsatira apofermentami osiyana. Pa mayesero onsewa, ndi makamaka oxidoreductase ndi katundu yake.

Pali mbali ina ya gulu la michere, amene sangakhoze kulephera osanenapo - iwo kufulumizitsa mankhwala zako kugwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu. Zimenezi zimatchedwa exothermic.

Transferase - onyamula

michere imeneyi ntchito ngati zochita mathamangitsidwe kutengerapo zatsalira maselo ndi magulu zinchito. Mwachitsanzo, phosphofructokinase.

Kuonetsetsa magulu atatu a catalysts, zochokera gulu chocheperako. Taganizirani zina mwa iwo.

1. Phosphotransferase - kuthandiza kusamutsa zatsalira asidi phosphoric. Iwo anawagawa subclasses monga kopita (mowa, asidi carboxylic, etc.).
2. Aminotransferase - imathandizira zimene kwa amino zidulo transamination.
3. Glycosyl - anasamutsa zatsalira glycosyl wa mamolekyulu kuti mamolekyulu wa esters phosphoric wa mono- ndi polysaccharides. Kupereka zochita ndi kuwonongeka ndi kaphatikizidwe oligo- kapena polysaccharides zomera ndi zamoyo nyama. Mwachitsanzo, iwo nawo zimene kugwa sucrose.
4. Acyltransferase anasamutsa zatsalira zidulo carboxylic kuti amines, alcohols ndi amino zidulo. Acyl-coenzyme-A ndi mosalekeza gwero la magulu acyl. Iwo akhoza ankaona ngati gulu yogwira acyltransferases. Nthawi zambiri analekerera asidi acetic acyl.

Hydrolase - m'mimba ndi nawo madzi

Mu gulu la michere ntchito ngati catalysts kwa zochita pogawanikana pamawere (kaphatikizidwe zochepa) mankhwala organic imene madzi kumatanthauza. Zinthu mu gulu ili anali osayenera ndi mu madzi m'mimba. catalysts molekyulu kapepala kakuti m'mimba ndi lopangidwa ndi chigawo limodzi.

Place wa kutanthauzira kwa michere awa lysosomes. Iwo amagwira ntchito kuteteza michere mu maselo: Mamatirani zinthu zachilendo amene anadutsa Kakhungu lapansi. Iwo zimawononga zinthu izo zimene sanalinso ofunikira selo, umene lysosomes ankanenedwa ukhondo.

Wina wa awo "dzina lakuti" - kudzipha ma, popeza ndi chida chachikulu autolysis selo. Ngati panali matenda, yotupa ndondomeko wayamba, Kakhungu amakhala permeable ndi lysosomal hydrolase mu cytoplasm kuwononga zonse mu njira yake ndi kuwononga khungu.

Alinso ndi mitundu yambiri ya catalysts ku gulu:

• esterase - amachititsa hydrolysis wa esters wa alcohols;
• Glycosidase - imathandizira hydrolysis wa glycosides, malingana ndi zomwe isomer iwo ntchito zimatulutsa α- kapena β-glycosidase;
• peputayidi hydrolase - amachititsa hydrolysis kumangidwa peputayidi mu mapuloteni, akamaziwononga ndi kaphatikizidwe awo, koma njira imeneyi si ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni maselo;
• amidase - amachititsa hydrolysis wa amides Mwachitsanzo, urease catalyzes kuwonongeka kwa urea mu ammonia ndi madzi.

Isomerase - molekyulu kutembenuka

zinthu izi imathandizira kusintha mkati kam'bulu kamodzi. Iwo akhoza kukhala structural kapena zojambula. Izi zikhoza kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

• kulanda maatomu wa hydrogen;
• akusuntha ndi mankwala gulu;
• Kusintha malo a magulu a atomiki mu mlengalenga;
• kayendedwe ka mgwirizano awiri.

isomerization mwina poyera kuti organic zidulo, chakudya kapena amino zidulo. Isomerase angathe kutembenuza aldehydes ndi ketones, Tikawonetsetsa mawonekedwe CIS ankamangidwanso mu mawonekedwe trans ndi kumbuyo. Kumvetsetsa zimene ntchito imagwiridwa ndi michere wa gulu limeneli, muyenera kudziwa kusiyana isomers.

Lyase kugwirizana kuichotsa

michere imeneyi imathandizira sanali hydrolytic kuwonongeka kwa organic asapita mankhwala:

• nsinga kaboni mpweya;
• phosphorous-mpweya;
• kaboni sulfure;
• kaboni asafe;
• kaboni mpweya.

Pankhaniyi zikuphatikizapo malonda chosavuta monga carbon dioxide, madzi, amoniya, ndi chatsekedwa awiri kumangigwa. Ochepa a motero angathe kupita kwina, lolingana michere m'mikhalidwe oyenera ndondomeko osati catalyze kutha, koma kaphatikizidwe.

Gawo lyase amapezeka mtundu kugwirizana, amaswa. Iwo ali ovuta michere.

ligase crosslinked

Ntchito yaikulu ya michere ya gulu - mathamangitsidwe mosiyanasiyana kaphatikizidwe. peculiarity awo - kulenga conjugation ndi azingokhala zinthu zomwe angathe kupereka mphamvu kwa ndondomeko biosynthetic. Pali magulu sikisi popangidwa ndi mtundu kugwirizana. Asanu a iwo zofanana subgroups lyases, ndi chachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi udindo kukhazikitsa kulankhulana "asafe zitsulo".

Ena ligases PALI njira ina yofunika makamaka selo. Mwachitsanzo, DNA ligase nawo kugawanika asidi deoxyribonucleic. Iye angaŵile nicked kupanga kumangidwa atsopano phosphodiester. Zinali iye amene akulowa Okazaki zidutswa.

Izi enzyme chomwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza majini. Timatha asayansi crosslink ndi DNA zidutswa zofunika kwa iwo, kupanga unyolo wapadera deoxyribonucleic acid. Iwo akhoza kuika mfundo iliyonse, motero kupanga fakitale kwa kupanga mapulotini n'kofunika. Mwachitsanzo, n'zotheka kusoka kachidutswa ka DNA ya bakiteriya udindo kaphatikizidwe insulin. Ndipo pamene selo adzakhala ukufalitsidwa mapuloteni ake, iye nthawi yomweyo timange ndi mchere zofunika mankhwala. Imangokhala yokha kuyera, ndipo adzathandiza anthu ambiri odwala.

Ntchito yaikulu michere mu thupi

Iwo angadwale mlingo anachita maulendo oposa khumi. Nkofunikira kuti ntchito bwinobwino selo. michere A nawo aliyense anachita. Choncho, ntchito ya michere mu thupi osiyanasiyana monga njira zonse zikuchitika. A kusokoneza catalysts izi zimabweretsa zotsatira kwambiri.

Michere ankagwiritsa ntchito mu chakudya, makampani kuwala, mankhwala: ntchito kupanga tchizi, sausages, zamzitini chakudya, aphatikizidwa detergent ufa. Iwo ntchito popanga zipangizo Zithunzi.