Zilankhulo - ndizo ... zigawo Main a zilankhulo

Zilankhulo - sayansi ya chinenero, kuliphunzira, ndi zovuta (monga dongosolo), ndi zina katundu ndi makhalidwe: chiyambi ndi kale mbiri yakale, khalidwe ndi maonekedwe zinchito, komanso malamulo onse a dongosolo ndi zazikulu chitukuko amanenendwe onse mu dziko.

Zilankhulo ngati sayansi ya chinenero

The chinthu chachikulu cha phunziro la sayansi - chinenero wachibadwa wa anthu, chikhalidwe chake ndi kwenikweni ndi nkhani - dongosolo dongosolo, ogwira ntchito, kusintha zinenero ndi njira phunziro awo.

Ngakhale kuti tsopano zilankhulo amadalira maziko kwambiri ongolankhula ndi wazotsatira, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zilankhulo - ndi sayansi wachinyamata (mu Russian - ndi XVIII - nach.XIX m'ma). Komabe, ali akalambula ndi maganizo chidwi - kusiya kuphunzira chinenero, anthu ambiri anzeru ndi grammarians, kotero ntchito zawo ndi chidwi kuonetsetsa ndi kulingalira (mwachitsanzo, nzeru ena a Greece wakale, Voltaire ndi Diderot).

terminological MPATUKO

Mawu "zilankhulo" Zakhaladi N'zodziŵika kuti dzina la dziko sayansi chinenero. N'chimodzimodzi chiwerengero cha mawu akuti "zilankhulo - zilankhulo - zilankhulo" ali mwini zamalankhulidwe ndi mbiri yakale paradaiso.

Poyamba, patsogolo ulimi wa 1917, mu ulimi sayansi ankakonda zilankhulo yaitali. Mu Soviet Union, kunalamulidwa zilankhulo (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro koleji ndi Maphunziro kuti anayamba kutchedwa "Mau oyamba zilankhulo") ndiponso "sanali ovomerezeka" options anapeza manenedwe latsopano. Choncho, zilankhulo amatanthauza chisanadze chosintha mwambo sayansi, ndi zilankhulo zimaloza ku malingaliro Western ndi njira, monga structuralism. Monga TV Shmelev m'nkhani "Memory akuti: zilankhulo, Language, zilankhulo" ndi kutsutsana zamalankhulidwe a zilankhulo Russian ali sikunathetse mpaka tsopano, chifukwa pali okhwima kuwunikira, malamulo ngakhale ndi derivation (zilankhulo → zinenero → linguistically) ndi chizolowezi kukuza tanthauzo la zilankhulo liwu ( kuphunzira chinenero china). Choncho, kafukufuku wa akuyerekeza maina a amalanga zinenero mu panopa muyezo sekondale, maina m'madipatimenti, mabuku, "kuoneka" zigawo zina za zilankhulo mu maphunziro "Mau oyamba zilankhulo" ndi "General zilankhulo"; Chigawo cha Ras 'Institute of zilankhulo "magazini" Mafunso a zilankhulo ", buku" Essays mu zilankhulo "; Dipatimenti ya zilankhulo ndi Intercultural Communication, "zowerengera zilankhulo", magazini "New mu zilankhulo ..."

zigawo zikuluzikulu za zilankhulo: mudziwe ambiri

The sayansi ya chinenero "yopuma" pa khalidwe ambiri, zofunika kwambiri zimene ziri mbali yaikulu ya zilankhulo, onse komanso makamaka, ongolankhula ndi othandiza ofotokoza ndi mbiri yakale.

Komanso, akulangani zinenero yagawidwa pamaziko a ntchito awo ndi zochokera chinthu kufufuza. Choncho, mwamwambo ogaŵikana zotsatira zokhudza waukulu zilankhulo:

• Ndime zoyenera kuphunzira dongosolo mkati mwa dongosolo chinenero, milingo yake ya gulu (mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi malembedwe);
• Ndime ofotokoza za mphamvu ya chitukuko mbiri ya chinenero ambiri ndi mapangidwe a misinkhu munthu (phonetics mbiri, mbiri yakale galamala);
• Mabwalo, The zinchito khalidwe la chinenero ndi udindo wake pakati pa anthu (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• Mabwalo kuphunzira mavuto zovuta kumalire a sayansi osiyana ndi khalidwe (psycholinguistics, zowerengera zilankhulo);
• amalanga Akutsatira mavuto othandiza anafunsa mwa zilankhulo sayansi mdera (lexicography, palaeography).

General payekha ndi zilankhulo

Gulu la sayansi ya chinenero pa munda onse ndi apadera akusonyeza mmene cholinga lonse la zinthu sayansi ofufuza.

The mafunso ofunika kwambiri sayansi kuti ikufotokoza zilankhulo ambiri:

• akamanena za chinenero, chinsinsi cha chiyambi chake ndi malamulo a chitukuko mbiri;
• malamulo yaikulu ya zipangizo ndi ntchito za chinenero m'dziko monga gulu la anthu;
• chiŵerengero cha magulu a "chinenero" ndi "kulingalira", "chinenero", "Cholinga chenicheni";
• zikamera ndi kusintha kwa kalatayo;
• chilankhulo kufanizitsa, kapangidwe ka milingo yawo chinenero, ogwira ntchito ndi chitukuko mbiri ya makalasi kalembedwe ndi siyana;
• gulu la zinenero zonse za padziko lapansi, ndi ena ambiri.

Limodzi mwa mavuto ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse, amene amayesetsa kuthetsa zilankhulo ambiri - ndiko Kulenga ndi ntchito njira zatsopano za mgwirizano pakati pa anthu (yokumba zinenero padziko lonse). Kukula kwa umenewu - patsogolo kwa interlinguistics.

Ulamuliro wa zilankhulo payekha ndi kuphunzira kukonza, ogwira ntchito ndi chitukuko mbiri ya chinenero makamaka (Russian, Czech, Chinese), zinenero zosiyana kapena mabanja onse a zinenero ofanana pa nthawi yomweyo (mwachitsanzo, okhawo Latin - French, Italy, Spanish, Chipwitikizi ndi ena ambiri) . zilankhulo Private amagwiritsa ntchito njira synchronous (Aka - ofotokoza) kapena diachronic phunziro (mbiri yakale).

General zilankhulo mwachibale kwa mseri ndi ongolankhula ndi methodological maziko kuphunzira mavuto sayansi kugwirizana ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha mfundo ndi ndondomeko chilankhulo makamaka. Nayenso zilankhulo payekha - mwambo amene amapereka zilankhulo ambiri, deta wazotsatira, zochokera kusanthula chimene angathe kupanga mfundo ongolankhula.

Kunja ndi zilankhulo mkati

The chipangizo sayansi yamakono ya chinenero akuimira dongosolo mbali ziwiri - awa ndi malo waukulu wa zilankhulo, mikrolingvistika (kapena zilankhulo mkati) ndipo ekstralingvistika (kunja zilankhulo).

Mikrolingvistika lolunjika pa mkati mwa dongosolo la chinenero - phokoso, morphological, syntactic ndi tiers mawu.

Ekstralingvistika limatisonyeza yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana chinenero: ndi anthu ammudzi, maganizo a anthu, kulankhula, maganizo, zokongoletsa ndi mbali zina za moyo. Pa maziko ake amabadwa njira contrastive kusanthula ndi maphunziro interdisciplinary (maganizo, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, zilankhulo chikhalidwe, etc.).

Synchronic (ofotokoza) ndi diachronic (mbiri yakale) zilankhulo

Dera la kafukufuku zilankhulo ofotokoza amatanthauza chinenero cha boma kapena milingo yake osiyana, mfundo ndi zochitika mu chikhalidwe chawo pa anapatsidwa nthawi imeneyi, siteji zina za chitukuko. Nthawi zambiri kulabadira zikuchitika, kawirikawiri kwambiri - pa boma la nthawi yapita (mwachitsanzo, chinenero cha mbiri Russian za m'ma XIII).

zilankhulo mbiri chikuchita ndi kuphunzira mfundo zosiyanasiyana zinenero ndi zochitika mwa mawu a mphamvu zawo ndi kusanduka. Ofufuzawa ndi cholinga kukonza kusintha komwe kumachitika mu zinenero kuphunzira (mwachitsanzo fanizo la mphamvu ya malamulo mabuku a chinenero cha Chirasha mu XVII, XIX ndi XX zaka).

mafotokozedwe zinenero milingo chinenero

Zilankhulo amaphunzira zochitika zokhudzana tiers zosiyanasiyana za dongosolo la chinenero ambiri. Analandira kupereka chinenero milingo zotsatirazi: phonemic, lexical-zamalankhulidwe, morphological, syntactic. Pansi milingo zimenezi ndi izi zigawo zikuluzikulu zilankhulo.

Pa chinenero phonemic mlingo amanena kuti sayansi zotsatirazi:

• Phonetics (limafotokoza zosiyanasiyana mawu zikumveka mu chinenero, articulation awo ndi makhalidwe lamayimbidwe);
• phonology (kuphunzira phoneme monga unit zing'onozing'ono wa kulankhula, makhalidwe ake phonological ndi chamoyo);
• morphophonology (kuganizira kapangidwe phonemic wa morphemes, Mkhalidwe ndi kusintha kachulukidwe phonemes zofanana mu morphemes ndi masiyanidwe awo, ataya malamulo pa ngakhale a malire morpheme).

Mlingo lexical a chinenero zotsatirazi zigawo tione:

• Lexicology (kuphunzira mawu monga gulu chinenerocho ndi mawu lonse monga kulemera chinenero, ikufotokoza mbali structural chinenero, kukula ndi chitukuko, magwero a kubwezeretsa kayankhulidwe ka chinenero);
• semasiology (bwinobwino tanthauzo lexical mawu, mawu zamalankhulidwe ofananira ndi mfundo anasonyeza mwa iwo kapena anati iwo sakugwirizana, chodabwitsa cha cholinga chenicheni);
• onomasiology (kuganizira zokhudza vuto gulu chinenerochi, ndi structuring wa zinthu za dziko pamene kuphunzira).

Morphological mlingo wa kuphunzira chinenero nkhani zotsatirazi:

• kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe (mawu limafotokoza mayunitsi structural, chiwerengero morphemic zikuchokera mawu ndi mitundu Kukweza mawu, mbali ya kulankhula, makhalidwe awo, mzimu ndi mfundo za masankhidwe);
• mawu mapangidwe (maphunziro kumanga mawu, mode ake kuti abereke, ndi zonse za dongosolo ndi mapangidwe mawu makamaka ntchito zake chinenero ndi mawu).

mlingo Syntactic limafotokoza malembedwe (akuyendayenda nyumba chidziwitso ndi njira recheporozhdeniya: asilikali a kaphatikizidwe mawu mu nyumba zovuta mawuwo ndi ziganizo, mitundu ya maubwenzi structural mawu ndi ziganizo, njira zinenero imene mawu amapezeka mapangidwe).

Contrastive ndi typological zilankhulo

zilankhulo poyerekeza chikuchita ndi njira mwadongosolo kuti kufanizitsa chipangizo m'zinenero osachepera awiri kapena kuposa, kaya ubwenzi wawo chibadwa. Pali angayerekezedwe ndi zina zikuluzikulu mu chitukuko cha munthu ndi chilankhulo chimodzi - mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe ka nkhani mathero a chinenero chamakono Russian ndi chinenero chathu nthawi of Ancient Lazaro.

zilankhulo Typological za kapangidwe ndi ntchito raznostrukturnyh zinenero "zosasinthika" gawo (panhronichesky mbali). Izi zimathandiza kudziwa wamba (konsekonse) zimaonetsa khalidwe la chinenero anthu ambiri.

universals zinenero

General zilankhulo mu kafukufuku wawo analanda chinenero chilengedwe - chito chinenero zilankhulo zonse mu dziko (universals mtheradi) kapena mbali yofunika kwa malirimewa (universals zowerengera).

Monga universals mtheradi anazindikira mbali zotsatirazi:

• Pakuti amanenendwe onse a dziko yodziwika ndi mavawelo ndi kusiya zilembo zikumveka.
• Mtsinje mawu lagawidwa syllables, amene amakhala ndi anthu machitidwe phokoso "za mawu + consonant."
• manauni yoyenera ndipo akuti alipo m'chinenero chilichonse.
• A dongosolo kalembedwe wa chinenero khalidwe la manauni ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau.
• Aliyense chinenero waika mawu kusonyeza mmene anthu, maganizo kapena malamulo.
• Ngati chinenero ali m'gulu la mlandu kapena mtundu, ndiye kwenikweni pano ndi gulu chiwerengero.
• Ngati nauni chinenero amatsutsana ndi chikhalidwe, yemweyo zingaoneke mu kumaliseche akuti.
• anthu onse lonse maganizo ake ndi cholinga kulankhulana mu pempholo.
• Coordinative ubale ndi mabungwe alipo mu amanenendwe onse a dziko.
• chiyankhulo chilichonse mu dziko ali ndi zomangamanga poyerekeza, mawu phraseological, mafanizo.
• Universal taboo ndi zizindikiro za dzuwa ndi mwezi.

Pakuti universals zowerengera monga anaona zinthu izi;

• M'zinenero zambiri za dziko lapansi pali osachepera awiri osiyana za mawu phokoso (kupatulapo - la Australia chinenero Arunta).
• Ambiri a zinenero akuti dziko zimasiyana chiwerengero kuti ndi osachepera awiri (zosiyana - okhala Chilumba cha chinenero Java).
• Pafupifupi m'zinenero zonse ndi zilembo za m'mphuno (kupatulapo - zina m'zinenero Africa West).

Ntchito zilankhulo

Izi amachita gawo ndi sayansi ya chitukuko chinenero mwachindunji kuthetsa mavuto kugwirizana ndi mchitidwe chiyankhulo:

• kusintha kwa zipangizo methodological kuphunzitsa chinenero monga lilime mayi ndi monga chinenero;
• chilengedwe cha odzithandiza okha, buku, maphunziro ndi otanthauzira apadera, ntchito mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi magawo a chiphunzitso;
• njira maphunziro ndi kulemba zokongola, molondola, komanso momveka mokhutiritsa (apamwamba);
• luso kuyenda kwa malamulo chinenero, podziwa bwino kalembedwe (wa kulankhula, orthoepy, kalembedwe ndi zopumira);
• kusintha kalembedwe, zilembo polemba chitukuko cha zinenero osalembedwa (mwachitsanzo, m'zinenero Peoples munthu wa USSR mu 1930-1940-ntchentche.), chilengedwe cha makalata ndi mabuku a akhungu;
• maphunziro mu shorthand ndi Pomasulira;
• mfundo kulenga terminology (GOST);
• chitukuko cha luso translation, chilengedwe cha otanthauzira anka- ndi zinenero a mitundu yosiyanasiyana;
• Development wa makina makhalidwe makina yomasulira;
• chilengedwe cha kompyuta ndi machitidwe kuzindikira mawu kutembenuza mawu oyankhulidwa mu malemba ankayimira (zomangamanga kapena zilankhulo zowerengera);
• mapangidwe zipolopolo malemba, hypertext, zinasokoneza makompyuta a pakompyuta ndi otanthauzira, ndi chitukuko cha njira kusanthula ndi processing (British National Corpus, BNC, Russian National Corpus);
• njira chitukuko, copywriting, malonda ndi maubale, etc.