AG Spirkin, "Philosophy": buku sukulu yapamwamba

Dzina lake Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin - ndi Soviet, ndipo kenako Russian nzeru zapamwamba amene mabuku zatchuka ndi ophunzira a ku Yunivesite ndi owerenga amene akufuna wotsegula M'maso mwawo. Ngakhale kuti wolemba analemba ubwino wake wotchuka mu zaka zao za sikisite Mu zaka zapitazo, iwo simunataye kufunika awo. Mwambo; amene pamoyo wake kwa Alexander Spirkin - nzeru. Koma nzeru zapamwamba si amadziwika kafukufuku mu dera. Iye anayesera mwachidule, mwachidule molondola athandize mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru ndi zikuluzikulu za mbiri yake kwa amene akufuna kuphunzira phunziro ili ndi kulimvetsa. Tiyeni tiyese nalo phunziro ili kuwunika mmene zikugwirira ntchito pa maphunziro athu ndi makulidwe auzimu.

yonena

Spirkin AG, "Philosophy" yemwe anakhala buku Buku amapereka chiyambi cha ophunzira Soviet ndi akatswiri, ndiyeno achinyamata a maiko CIS, wakhala zovuta chidwi moyo. Iye anabadwa mu 1918 mu dera Saratov, koma choyamba ankafuna kuthera moyo wake kwa mankhwala. Iye maphunziro Institute of tsogolo defectology nzeru zapamwamba nkhondo isanayambe Moscow, koma kenako, anthu ambiri anzeru a mbadwo wake, anamangidwa pa milandu yabodza, ndipo mpaka 1945 anali m'misasa. Anakhaladi chidwi "chikondi cha nzeru."

Atatuluka, Alexander Spirkin poyamba anayesa ntchito zapaderazi, koma anakhala Anzathu wa Institute of Philosophy Academy of Sciences wa USSR. PhD nkhani yolembedwa iye anateteza pa Social Psychology wa Plekhanov, ndi digiri - pa mavuto a chiyambi cha chikumbumtima. Mu 1970, chopereka chachikulu anakhala katswiri mu 1974 - lolingana membala wa USSR Academy of Sciences. Ngati achinyamata nzeru zapamwamba anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi mavuto a chuma dialectical, kwa zaka zao za sikisite, iye amakonda ziphunzitso yokumba nzeru ndi maganizo a cybernetics.

History la sukulu

Alexander Spirkin anayamba kuphunzitsa nzeru mabungwe osiyana maphunziro a Moscow. Iye anali lingaliro lake la maphunziro a ophunzira ndi nkhani zawo ndi mapeto a magulu a zaka mazana makumi awiri anali zolembedwa. Iye wakhala akuyesetsa kukhala naye pa maziko a kulemba mabuku. woganiza wake mpukutu wotchedwa "chikhazikitso cha Philosophy". Spirkin analipereka ilo kwa mpikisano Onse-Union mabuku ophunzira yunivesite, ndipo anapata. Pamaziko a ichi nzeru zapamwamba pamanja anafalitsa milozo angapo, nthawi yomweyo unakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Ngakhale m'nyengo ya perestroika ndipo pambuyo kugwa kwa mabuku USSR Spirkina anali wotchuka kwambiri. Mu 1990, wake wotchuka "chikhazikitso cha Philosophy" zinatuluka mwa yofalitsa "Patsogolo" mu Chingerezi. Magazini atsopano a bukuli linatulutsidwa mu 2002 kenako mu 2005. Mu maonekedwe ake ndikusinthidwa lofalitsidwa ndi "Gardariki". "Philosophy" Spirkina akhoza kuchotsa mfundo chakale ndi wosavuta, m'nkhaniyo m'munsi ndi yosavuta kuwerenga ndi chidwi.

Zochita za bukhu lonse

buku lake nzeru Spirkin pathupi ngati onena zachipatala a chidziwitso anasonkhana ndi anthu m'dera lino. Kwalembedwa mu chinenero wamba, mpaka ena mwa njila luso la ulaliki, ambiri mwa mfundo anafotokoza zilipo. Iye limatchedwa mtsogoleri nyanja chinsisi cha nzeru. Buku idzafotokoza anayi. Ichi ndi mawu oyamba, pamene nzeru zapamwamba amapereka tanthauzo la munda wa chidziwitso, komanso tione kusiyana kwake kwa dziko. Pamakhala gawo pa zochitika za nzeru.

Nkhani yotsatira ikufotokoza ambiri nkhani nthanthi monga kuzindikira kukhalapo, ndi nzeru. Chigawo chachitatu amasanthula nzeru chikhalidwe. wolemba mwachidule koma momveka amapereka lingaliro za kampaniyo, chitukuko ndi zinthu, komanso mbali ya moyo wake wauzimu. phunziro anali wotchuka, makamaka mu zaka 60-80 Mu zaka zapitazo, osati mwa ophunzira komanso aphunzitsi. Amene akufalitsa nyumba "Gardariki" Iye anadza zambiri chidule mawonekedwe. Koma Unduna wa Maphunziro akuonetsa ngati chida ophunzira.

zolemba

Alexander Spirkina nzeru ndi chidwi chachikulu monga ngati kaphatikizidwe kudziwa chimene chimathandiza kugwirizana ndi kupeza chinthu chimodzi pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Kumayambiriro kwa buku lake, iye akumutcha quintessence moyo wauzimu wa anthu. Iye amakhulupirira kuti aganize mwanjira imeneyo anabwera chofuna kumvetsetsa akamanena za chinsinsi. Munthu sangathe kukhala okhutitsidwa ndi view tsankho la dziko, iye ali ndi kufunika kwa kuzindikira kwathunthu. Mafunso tanthauzo la moyo ndi kukhalapo kwa moyo wathu mu cholinga wololera anali nthawi zonse chidwi anthu. Mosiyana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, amene kupereka ife otalikirana, mudziwe kusiyanitsidwa, nzeru limachititsa cigawo nzeru zathu ndi kuziika mu dongosolo. Komanso ndiyo kulankhulana mkati pakati pa zipani zosiyanasiyana za maganizo athu a dziko. wolemba mwachidule akulongosola kapangidwe ka kudziwa nzeru zaumunthu, potsindika mfundo kuti alipo osati kwa asayansi, koma anthu kulenga ndi kulenga.

History of nzeru

Chigawo choyamba cha bukuli ndi voluminous kwambiri. Amakhala machaputala asanu ndi atatu. "Philosophy" Spirkina mu gawo mbiri amapereka wowerenga chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka onse cholowa cha anzeru zapitazi. Gawo akuyamba ndi olemba akale, kuchita nawo mawu a Pythagoras, Thales, Heraclitus, Democritus, ndipo Plato ndi dongosolo Aristotle. angapezeke mu gawo ili kuti lingaliro la mgwirizano wa chilengedwe chonse, ndi mzimu umene sufa, ngakhalenso yosamutsa ake m'thupi wina ndi mzake, ndipo panali Agiriki akale.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa oyambirira nzeru Agiriki - ndi okaikira, Aepikureya, Asitoiki, Neoplatonists. An chaputala chonse khama mbiri zikwi-chaka akale lingaliro. Iwo yodziwika nthawi ya nzeru European kuchokera mochedwa Roma ku Kubadwa Kwatsopano. owerenga tiphunzira za ziphunzitso za Augustine, Fomy Akvinskogo, Roger Bacon. masamba angapo anapatsidwa ndi nzeru za Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Magwero a zapamwamba za

Kwambiri wolemba woganiza anali Alexander Spirkin. "Philosophy", makamaka gawo mbiri, ichi ndi chitsimikizo. Amamvetsera mwapadera za chitukuko cha ganizo European mu zaka XVII- XVIII. Izo mu nthawi ino anabadwa nambala yaikulu geniuses amene osati anatembenuka lingaliro la anthu mtendere, komanso zasintha moyo chikhalidwe. Yambani icho chinayalidwa anzeru ngati otchuka monga Descartes ndi Hume, ndiye ndithu chopereka kwambiri imene atsogoleri a French Chenicheni - Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, kulenga chikhalidwe chokonda patsogolo. Cholinga mu gawo limeneli lili lolunjika pa zimphona nzeru za German chakale - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Feuerbach. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa oterowo anzeru Western European ngati Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, ndi ena. Palinso mutu zoyenera nzeru Russian - kuchokera Lomonosov ndi Radishcheva kuti Dostoevsky ndi Soloviev.

Nzeru, umunthu, nzeru ndi moyo

Kuchokera chinayi ndi ciwiri mutu Spirkin AG ( "Philosophy", buku) limatiuza za mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi mawu. Tikudziwa kuti munthu ngati (amene woganiza limatchula ndi chowonadi), ubale pakati pa nkhaniyi, zoyenda, malo ndi nthawi. Zambiri zanenedwa za chidziwitso, njira zake ndiponso mfundo zake, komanso ngati munthu amene angathe kumvetsa dziko lonse kapena iye tidzayesedwa nthawi zonse kukhala kuseri kwa chophimba mwachinsinsi. Tauka monga mafunso wosatha za ulamuliro ndi ubale wa chikumbumtima ndipo wokhalapo. Pambuyo pa zonsezi anali kutsutsana nzeru zaumunthu, ndipo adani anathyola mikondo. Kuchokera kuyankha mafunso amenewa kukhala ndi maganizo malo munthu mu dziko. buku wolemba limasonyanso kusiyana pakati pa kukhala cholinga ndi munthu (maganizo a "Ine"). Ambiri mafunso zosayembekezeka ndi zosangalatsa zofunika munthu ano, mwachitsanzo, ubale wa chidziwitso ndi chikhulupiriro zotheka kuli chifukwa nyama, vuto la choonadi, udindo wa yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale mu chidziwitso ndi nzeru, nayenso, zimaonekera mu bukhu ili.

Chigawo chachitatu

Monga katswiri wa Marxist dialectical oipa, mu buku lake "Philosophy" chifukwa mayunivesite Spirkin allocates gawo wapadera woperekedwa kwa moyo wa anthu. Iye chifupikitso cha chiphunzitso zofunika ophunzira kuganizira za mbiri ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mlembi amanena kuti ndi anthu a mtundu wa anthu, chomwe ndi kuwunika chuma ndi ndale, nanga magulu ake osiyana - makalasi, strata, mafuko, mitundu, mabanja. Chigawo chino Spirkin ku mbiri ya nzeru, kusonyeza mmene chikumbumtima anayambitsa nthawi chikhalidwe ndi tanthauzo la anthu, pamene anayamba kufunafuna yabwino ndi lingaliro la patsogolo. Iye amayang'ana vuto ngozi mu mbiri, ntchito kayendedwe misa ndi anthu, komanso amapereka maganizo osiyana za dongosolo ndi zochita za chitukuko cha dziko. wolemba Ikufotokozanso nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino, anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi vuto la akuluakulu a boma mwachibale kwa munthu ndi ufulu wake.

kutanthauza phunziro

mibadwo Ambiri mwa ophunzira anaphunzira m'mabuku olembedwa pa maziko a ntchito za Alexander Spirkina. Iwo anaphunzira zimene ndi nzeru, mbiri yake ndi magawo akuluakulu, komanso kudzindikira mfundo, metaphysics, aesthetics. Ngakhale kuti zolembedwa mu gawo zikuluzikulu analengedwa mu Soviet Union, ngakhale mu Mabaibulo akale a wolemba amasamalirira kwambiri mfundo kuposa mfundo, chotero amakhazikitsa lokha popanda ndiye anzawo. Iye expounds nkhani yomweyo, monga m'mabuku, koma nthawi zonse amaganizira zenizeni atsopano ndi zinthu, ndipo ngakhale mu maonekedwe lophweka.

Spirkin, "Philosophy", buku sukulu yapamwamba: Reader Reviews

Ophunzira amene anaphunzira mbalume pa buku ili kukonzekera yobereka mayesero ndi mayeso, ndi matamando kwambiri. Iwo kulemba kuti buku malingaliro, mawu, ndi nkhani zikuluzikulu zonse ndi mavuto zafotokozedwa si chinenero wamba, koma wabwino zolembalemba kalembedwe, osangalatsa kwambiri. Bukhuli ndi kuwerenga mpweya umodzi, ndi kuwonjezera, ndi bwino dongosolo chidziwitso ndi kuziika pa maalumali. Nkhani ulaliki Chitsanzo pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndi zitsanzo moyo zimathandiza kuphunzira mfundo. Ndipo anthu amene amakonda mabuku ambiri a sayansi ndi otchuka amanena kuti buku lino ngati mkatikati, kusintha diso wowerenga ku zinthu zambiri, chimakupangitsani kuganiza m'njira yosiyana kuyang'ana funso kaya nzeru mu moyo chofunika.