Anthu Russian: mndandanda ndipo chiwerengero cha

Malinga ndi ziwerengero kwambiri ndiwofatsa, mu Russia pali oposa 192 mitundu, kusiyana wina ndi mzake mawu a chikhalidwe, chipembedzo ndi mbiri ya chitukuko. Alimiwa, iwo onse anali malire chomwecho boma pafupifupi mwamtendere - chifukwa cha inalowa madera atsopano.

Makamaka anthu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mndandanda wa anthu okhala pa gawo la Russia, anapangidwa cha m'ma XVIII, kuti streamline zosonkhanitsira msonkho. Academy of Sciences ku St. Petersburg, kwambiri polimbana ndi funso ili, ndi pa XVII-XIX zaka linatulutsidwa angapo aakulu kafukufuku ethnographic pa phunziro ili, komanso ambiri a Albums zikufotokozeredwa ndi atlases, amene akhala lofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri a masiku ano.

Kumapeto kwa khumi zoyambirira za m'ma XXI anthu a dziko akhoza yokhala m'magulu mitundu 192. Nations ndi anthu 1 miliyoni mu Russia 7. yekha njirazi ndi izi:

• Russian - 77,8%.
• Chitata - 3,75%.
• Chuvash - 1,05%.
• Bashkirs - 1,11%.
• Chechens - 1,07%.
• Armenia - 0,83%.
• Ukrainians - 1.35%.

Pali mawu akuti "mtundu titular", amene anafotokozedwa mitundu gulu, anapereka dzina m'deralo. Ndipo izo zikhoza kukhala anthu ochuluka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Khanty-Mansiisk yoyenda yokha chigawo kunyumba kwa mitundu ina yambiri Russian (mndandanda tichipeza mfundo oposa 50). Koma Khanty ndi Mansi, kokha 2% a anthu m'derali, nampatsa dzina ndi boma.

kafukufuku Ethnographic akupitirirabe m'zaka XXI, ndi ntchito pa mutu "anthu Russian: mndandanda wa chiwerengero ndi kuchuluka ulamuliro" chidwi kwambiri osati asayansi, komanso anthu wamba amene amafuna kudziwa zambiri zokhudza kwawo.

Anthu a European gawo la Russia

Russian sanatchulidwe monga mtundu panopa Russian Constitution, koma kwenikweni mtundu uwu ndi kuposa 2/3 ya chonse cha anthu. Wake "mchikuta" ndi gawo European la Russia - kuchokera kumpoto cha Primorye ndi Karelia ku gombe la Caspian ndipo Black Pacific. Anthu yodziwika ndi umodzi wa chikhalidwe wauzimu ndi chipembedzo, Anthropology ndi yunifolomu chinenero. Komabe, Russian ndi si yunifolomu mu kapangidwe kake, ndipo anawagawa m'magulu osiyanasiyana:

- North - anthu Asilavo akukhala Novgorod, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vologda ndi Kostroma m'madera komanso mu Republic of Karelia ndi kumpoto kwa dziko Tver. Pakuti kumpoto Russian khalidwe "akayuschy" nkhani ndi opepuka mtundu maonekedwe.

- South Russian anthu akukhala Ryazan, Kaluga, Makhachkala, Voronezh, Orel ndi Penza zigawo. Okhala kudera "okayut" polankhula. Pakuti gawo la "yuzhnorossov" khalidwe la bilingualism (Cossacks).

The kumpoto ndi kum'mwera si kufupi - iwo kulumikiza ku Central Russian m'dera (pakati pa Oka ndi Volga), pamene anthu a m'madera onse ali osokonezeka mofanana. Kuwonjezera kulemera onse a Russian pali otchedwa boma mafuko - yaying'ono moyo mtundu waung'ono kuti aime mbali ya chinenero chawo ndi chikhalidwe. Izi ndi anthu mwachilungamo chatsekedwa ndipo numerically yaing'ono ya Russian Russia. mndandanda awo tichipeza magulu otsatirawa:

• Vod (mu 2010 chiwerengero cha anthu 70).
• Pomors.
• Meshcheryakov.
• Polekh.
• Sayan.
• Don ndi Kuban Cossacks.
• Kamchadals.

Anthu a m'madera kum'mwera

Tikuyankhula zokhudza madera pakati pa Azov ndi Caspian nyanja. Kuwonjezera anthu Russian amakhala pali ena ambiri mitundu, kuphatikizapo amene ali ukasintha osiyana mu mawu a miyambo ndi chipembedzo. Chifukwa kusiyana maganizo anakhala yowala ubwenzi East mayiko - Turkey, Chitata Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan.

anthu kum'mwera kwa Russia (mndandanda):

• Chechens.
• Ingush.
• Nogai.
• Kabardians.
• Circassians.
• Adygeys.
• Karachai.
• Kalmyks.

Kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi kuikapo maganizo theka la mayiko "dziko". Pafupifupi aliyense wa mafuko awa ndi chinenero chawo, ndi zipembedzo lolamuliridwa mwa iwo Islam.

Tiyenera amatchulanso kuleza mtima wa Dagestan. Ndipo koposa zonse, anthu ndi dzina lomweli kulibe. mawu awa Chili mitundu gulu (Avars, Aguls, Dargin, Lezgins, Laks, Nogai, ndi zina zotero.), Kukhala dera la Republic of Dagestan.

anthu Siberia ndi North

Siberia Federal District zikuphatikizapo 14 zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi mwachirengedwe chimakwirira 30% ya dziko. Komabe, m'dera lokhalamo anthu miliyoni 20,10. Chiwerengero cha Siberia Amakhala ndi anthu otsatirawa:

1. Anthu mlendo, magulu mafuko amene anatuluka mu dera m'nthawi ya chitukuko ndi zaka XVI-XX. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo Russian, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Chitata ndi ena.

2. anthu zilankhulo za ku Siberia Russia. A mndandanda wa iwo ndi aakulu, koma chiwerengero ndi wotsika. The ambiri ambiri Yakut (480,000), Buryats (460,000), Tuva (265 zikwi) ndi Khakassia (73,000).

Chiŵerengero pakati pa anthu a m'dzikoli komanso akunja 1: 5. Ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu choyambirira cha Siberia, osati ngakhale pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa ndi zikwi ndi mazana.

dera kumpoto kwa Russia ali ndi vuto lomweli. "Ndi" anthu a m'madera amenewa anaikira mu midzi ikuluikulu. Koma chofunika, ku mbali yaikulu, kukhala woyendayendawu kapena theka-woyendayendawu moyo. Ethnographers kuti kumpoto anthu ameneŵa ndi kuchepetsedwa pa mtengo pang'onopang'ono kuposa Siberians.

Anthu a Far East ndi Primorye

Far East Region imakhala ya Magadan ndi Khabarovsk m'madera Yakutia, Chukotka District ndi Ayuda Autonomous Region. Izi pafupi Primorye - Sakhalin, Kamchatka ndi Primorsky Krai, mwachitsanzo madera mwachindunji mwayi kwa nyanja ya kum'mawa.

Zimene ethnographic kwa anthu a Siberia ndi Far East pamodzi kufotokoza, koma si bwino. Zakwawoko mafuko a dziko ndi chikhalidwe yapadera kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zinthu ovuta kwambiri pa moyo.

Far ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja anthu ameneŵa la Russia, chomwe chili m'munsimu mndandanda, anali woyamba kufotokoza m'zaka XVII:

• Orochi.
• Orok.
• Nivkhs.
• Udege.
• Chukchi.
• Koryak.
• Tungus.
• Daur.
• Duchers.
• Nanai.
• Eskimos.
• Aleuts.

Panopa, mafuko ochepa kusangalala ndi chitetezo ndi maudindo ndi boma, komanso ndi chidwi kwa alendo ndi maulendo ethnographic.

Pa zikuchokera mitundu ya Far East ndi Primorye anali ndi anthu chikoka cha maiko oyandikana - China ndi Japan. Mu Russian dera la China anakhazikika m'dera anthu ochokera analipo anthu pafupifupi 19 chikwi. Pa Kuril Islands ndi Sakhalin Ainu anthu amakhala bwinobwino, amene anali kale Hokkaido (Japan).

anthu Non-zamakolo Akuluakulu a ku Russia

Yokhala, ndi mafuko onse Russia, kupatula ochepa ndi kutsekedwa, si a zakwawoko. Koma kwenikweni, m'dzikoli mosalekeza kusamuka chifukwa nkhondo (kuthawa), chitukuko cha Siberia ndi Far East, maofesi a boma, kufunafuna mavuto osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu dongosolo wosanganiza ndi Yakuts tikukhala mu Moscow n'zosadabwitsa.

Koma dziko ndi kunyumba kwa mitundu ina yambiri ndi mizu wochokera ku madera osiyana kwambiri. kwawo ngakhale pafupi ndi malire a Federation ndi Russian! Ataonekera pa m'gawo lake chifukwa cha kusamuka mwangozi kapena zaufulu mu zaka zosiyana. Russian anthu osakhala m'deralo, amene mndandanda ali pansipa, amapanga gulu la makumi angapo zikwi za anthu oposa zaka 40 (m'badwo 2). Njirazi ndi monga:

• Korea.
• Chinese.
• The Germany.
• Ayuda.
• Turkey.
• Agiriki.
• Bulgarians.

Komanso, Russia bwinobwino moyo magulu a mafuko ku Baltic States, Asia, India ndi ku Ulaya. Pafupifupi onsewo anaphatikizana mwa mawu a chinenero ndi moyo, koma anapitiriza ena mwa miyambo ya makolo awo.

Zilankhulo ndi zipembedzo za anthu a Russia

Mipikisano mitundu Russian Federation ndi dziko yakale, koma chipembedzo adakali kungathandize kwambiri (chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, boma) mu anthu. Characteristically, ang'ono mafuko kutsatira chipembedzo wawo, chifukwa "tinatengera" kwa makolo. Koma anthu Asilavo zambiri mafoni ndi kudzitcha osiyanasiyana bogoslaviya, kuphatikizapo chikunja kusinthidwa, Satana ndi kulibe Mulungu.

Panopa zotsatirazi magulu achipembedzo ali ofala Russia:

• Orthodox Christianity.
• Islam (Sunni Muslim).
• Chibuda.
• Catholic.
• Chikhristu Protestant zokopa.

Wokongola yosavuta vuto zinenero anthu. The chinenero mu dziko ndi Russian, kuti ndi chinenero ambiri. Komabe, m'madera dziko (Chechnya, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan, ndi zina zotero.) Chilankhulidwe mtundu titular ali ndi udindo onse.

Ndipo, ndithudi, pafupifupi dziko lililonse lili yake, chosiyana zinenero zina kapena chilankhulo. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti m'zilembo okhala m'dera lomwelo ndi osiyana mizu yosiyanasiyana mapangidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Altai anthu Siberia kulankhula chinenero cha gulu Turkic, ndi pa pafupi Bashkirs mizu wa kulankhula zobisika chinenero Mongolian.

Dziwani kuti pamene inu muyang'ana pa mndandanda wa anthu a Russia ethnolinguistic gulu limapezeka mu mawonekedwe pafupifupi onse. Makamaka pakati pa zinenero za anthu osiyanasiyana "chizindikiro" pafupifupi zinenero zonse:

1. Anthu a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya gulu:

• Zinenero za Asilavo (Russian, Chibelarusi).
• zinenero Germany (Chihebri, German).

2. Finno-Ugric (Mordvinian, Mari, Komi Zyryan etc.).

3. zinenero Turkic (Altaian, Noghai, Sakha etc.).

4. zinenero Mongolian (Kalmyk Buryat).

5. Language North Caucasus (Adyg, Daghestanian zinenero Chechen neri Al.).

M'zaka za m'ma XXI, ku Russia akupitirizabe kukhala mmodzi wa mayiko ambiri azikhalidwe mu dziko. Palibe chifukwa kuti asanene "multiculturalism", chifukwa ichi mode, dziko wakhalapo kwa ambiri zaka.