Great masamu ndipo apeza

Masamu anaonekera imodzi ndi chilakolako anthu kufufuza zikuchitika. Poyamba anali mbali ya nzeru - mayi wa sayansi - ndipo sanali anasankha monga chilango osiyana pa ndime ndi zakuthambo chomwecho, sayansi. Komabe, zinthu zasintha pa nthawi. M'nkhani ino tidzapeza iwo ali - masamu kwambiri, mndandanda wa yomwe analumpha pa zana. Sankhani mayina chachikulu.

kuyambira

Knowledge atasunga anthu ambiri, kumapeto kugawanika kwa kweni kweni ndi Natural Sciences. Pambuyo nduna "kubadwa" ya aliyense wa iwo anapita njira yake, osauka, cholimbikitsa maziko a chiphunzitso, amapereka mwa chizolowezi. Zingatanthauze kuti zina zikhale masamu umboni ambiri a sayansi ya? chinthu ichi amatha kufotokoza mwamtheradi njira zonse zikuchitika pa dziko lathuli ndi kupitirira, ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha chodabwitsa limachititsa kuti kutengapo maganizo ndi kupanga amaneneratu. Ndizachidziwikire kuti sayansi onse okhudzana, izi ndi ubale odziwika pakati pa masamu ndi sayansi. Choncho, nthawi zambiri masamu kwambiri ndi sayansi amapanga gulu lina la asayansi. Weruzani nokha - kodi mungatani pofotokoza zinthu zomwe si kufika pa kulungamitsidwa ndi?

m'mbiri ya anthu - si kokha anagonjetsa madera atsopano ndi nkhondo imene mphamvu mutsatidwa makamaka zofuna zawo, komanso osatha kuwerengetsera sayansi cholinga kufotokoza, sonyezani, kuphunzira ndi kupeza chiyembekezo cha mawa. M'nkhaniyi tiona amene anapanga zopereka kwambiri ku chilengedwe cha ichi. iwo ali, ndi masamu lalikulu la kale, kuti chinabweretsa asayansi masiku?

Pythagoras

Pamene anatchula masamu zazikulu, anthu ambiri kuti tiganizire chinthu choyamba dzina ili. Palibe motsimikiza akudziwa kuti mfundo za mbiri wake ndi choonadi, ndi kuti - zopeka, chifukwa dzina amamuonera gulu la nthano. M'nthawi ya moyo anatengedwa ndi tsiku osiyanasiyana kuchokera 570 mpaka 490 BC. e.

Mwatsoka, ntchito zolembedwa pambuyo kumanzere, koma anavomereza kuti anali madalitso zinthu zambiri zimene zinali pa nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, ife akulozera yekha zikayenda amene indisputably ndi zipatso za ntchito zake:

• Masamu - ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka wotchuka, umene umati mu kansalu lamanja lalikulu la hypotenuse ndi wofanana Uwerenge mabwalo mbali zina ziwiri. Musaiwale tebulo ya Pythagoras, imene ophunzira pulayimale kuphunzira mfundo za chulutsa manambala achilengedwe. Iye anabweretsa njira yomanga ena polygons lapansi.
• Geography - katswiri wa masamu kwambiri Pythagoras loyamba ankati Dzikoli ndi lozungulira.
• Zakuthambo - ndi kungoganizira kuli chitukuko zakuthambo.

Euclid

The Greek masamu sayansi yamakono alitcha Masamu.

Euclid anabadwa mu 365 BC. e. mu Athens ndi zaka 65 (mpaka mapeto a moyo wake, Ndipotu) ankakhala Alexandria. Iwo angatchedwe woukira boma pakati kanjedza sayansi nthawi, monga anachitira ndi ntchito yaikulu kuphatikiza zinachitikira onse anapeza wa zaka zapitazi mu yosalala lomveka dongosolo popanda "mabowo" ndi zotsutsana. Izi wasayansi wamkulu (a sayansi ndi masamu) walenga ndemanga "chiyambi" M'gululi kuposa mabuku dazeni! Komanso, mwa manja ake a ntchito pofotokoza kafalitsidwe wa mtengo kuwala mzere wolunjika.

chiphunzitso Euclid ndi zabwino kuti iye anamukankhira iye kuchokera umboni "angathe kukhala 'potchula angapo postulates (mawu amene popanda umboni), ndipo iwo ntchito youma masamu mfundo, Masamu, anatsogolera dongosolo mwabata tsopano.

Fransua việt

masamu Great ndipo anatulukira ndi amadalira chifuniro cha choncho. Analidi Bambo Wyeth (zaka za moyo - 1540-1603), amene anakhalako ku France ndi kutumikira m'nyumba ya mfumu, poyamba anali wazamalamulo kenako mlangizi ndi mfumu. M'malo Henry III anakwera wachifumu, Henry IV, François anasintha ntchito yake. zingapo "Dziko masamu kwambiri", mndandanda wa zomwe si yaing'ono, anawonjezera dzina latsopano chifukwa cha nkhondo French ndi Spain. Otsiriza, m'makalata kwake amafotokoza cipher chipangizo kuti n'zosatheka kumvetsa. Choncho, French korona adani zingachititse ufulu makalata m'dziko la adani popanda kuopa kugwidwa.

Kukhala anayesera njira onse, mfumu akatulukire kwa Vieta. Pa kachigawo masamu iye ntchito popanda kupuma kufikira wakwanitsa mukufuna. Ndiyamika masamu uyu anakhala mlangizi latsopano, koma mfumu yatsopano. Likufanana ndi ichi, Spain anayamba kuvutika kugonjetsedwa pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, mosadziwa chimene chinali kuchitika. Pomaliza, choonadi panabukanso kunja, ndi kusaka mu absentia anaweruzidwira ku imfa, Francois, koma sanali kulikwaniritsa.

Mu mlangizi wake watsopano malo ndinali ndi mwayi kuti amatanganidwa masamu, kupereka yekha chifukwa ankakonda ngati amuna onse kwambiri. Za masamu ndi Vieta anati mu adzadabwitsa, potsindika mfundo yakuti wamaliza kuphatikiza ndi chidwi ndi mchitidwe wa malamulo.

Mwa zofunika pa maadiresi Vieta:

• zizindikiro kalata ajebura. French masamu m'malo mwa magawo ndi koefishienti mwa makalata, kuchepetsa mawu kangapo. Izi muyeso wapanga mawu algebraic wosavuta ndi Kufikika luntha, limodzi ndi izi zomwe mfundo zina. Mayendetsedwe anali woukira boma, chifukwa ntchito njira akuthamanga kumbuyo. Ndithu masamu kwambiri Pythagoras anasiya mwana wake m'manja. Mfundo mawa anasamutsa kwathunthu.
• Mapeto a chiphunzitso cha kuthetsa maikwezhoni kwa mlingo chachinayi palimodzi.
• Derivation wa chilinganizo dzina lake, limene lero ndi mizu ya maikwezhoni quadratic.
• Derivation ndi kulungamitsidwa wa yoyamba m'mbiri a sayansi ya mankhwala wopandamalire.

Leonhard Euler

Kuwala kwa sayansi ndi tsogolo zodabwitsa. Anabadwira ku Switzerland (1707), akhoza bwinobwino m'gulu mndandanda wa "masamu Great Russian" monga ntchito kwambiri kuberekana ndipo anapeza chitetezo chatha mu Russia (1783).

Pa ntchito yake ndiponso zimene ndi zogwirizana ndi dziko lathu, amene anasamukira ku 1726 pa kuyitana kwa Academy of Sciences ku St. Petersburg. Kwa zaka fifitini, analemba zambiri za mapepala onse mu masamu ndi sayansi. Okwana izo zinapangidwa anapezazo padziko 9 zana zovuta kuti Polemeretsedwa nzeru za nthawi. Ndi dzuwa litalowa moyo Leonarda Eylera mosemphana ndi malamulo (koma movomerezedwa ndi boma French), ndi Paris Academy of Sciences wapanga ziwalo zake zisanu ndi zinayi, pamene malinga ndi malamulo, payenera kukhala eyiti. Only ndi masamu kwambiri akhoza kupereka ulemu uwu, monga sayansi gulu pedantic pankhani zoletsedwa ndi malamulo.

Pakati Leonarda Eylera atulukira tisaiwale:

• Yonseyi masamu ndi sayansi. Mpaka XVIII atumwi, amene amati ndi nthawi ya kupambana kwa Euler, anthu onse anabalalika. Ajebura, kakyulasi, Masamu, chiphunzitso Mwina, ndi zina zotero. D. Pali okha, popanda kulowerera. Iye anasonkhanitsa kwa iwo kuja lomveka dongosolo limene tsopano touted m'masukulu sichinasinthe.
• Kutsiliza chiwerengero e, amene ali pafupifupi wofanana 2,7. Monga mukuonera, asayansi aakulu ndi masamu zambiri afikire chosafa ntchito yake, sanali pochitika chikho ichi ndi Euler - kalata yoyamba ya dzina lomaliza anapereka dzina ili nambala zopanda nzeru, popanda zomwe sipakanakhala logarithm achilengedwe.
• Chiphunzitso choyamba ndi chiphunzitso cha kusakanikirana ndi kumasonyeza njira imene ntchito. Chiyambi cha integrals awiri.
• M'munsi ndi kufala kwa Euler zithunzi - ndi chintchito achidule ndi zithunzi zimene zikusonyeza likulowa ubale, kaya anachokera. Mwachitsanzo, iwo n'zotheka kusonyeza kuti kuika malire a manambala lachibadwa m'gulu kuika malire a manambala zomveka , ndi zina zotero.
• Kulemba chosiyana nthawi kuti ntchito pa kakyulasi masiyanidwe.
• Kuwonjezera Masamu pulayimale, Euclid anadziŵa panobe. Mwachitsanzo, iye analeredwa natsimikizira kuti kutalika onse makona ya intersect pa nthawi ina.

Galileo Galilei

Izi ntchito sayansi amene wakhala moyo wake wonse mu Italy (kuchokera 1564 mpaka 1642), bwino kuti aliyense schoolchild. Nthawi ya ntchito zake zinachitika mu nthawi yosokoneza kuti zinali zodzaza ndi kusaka. dissent aliyense analangidwa, sayansi anathamangitsa, popeza likutsutsana ndi kunena kwa azaumulungu. Palibe ndipo palibe chimene motani, chifukwa chifuniro chonse cha Mulungu.

Iwo masamu Galileo, malinga ndi nthano, anali mlembi akuti "Ndipo komabe Kodi kusuntha!" Pamene iye amasiya mawu ake kuti dziko ndilo limazungulira dzuŵa osati mosemphanitsa. Chinthu Ichi chinali chifukwa kulimbana moyo, monga kusaka ankaona mpatuko kuti kungoganizira wake, imene kasinthasintha wa gulu swapped. Ansembe sakanakhoza kuvomereza kuti dziko lapansi monga zolengedwa za Mulungu unasiya kukhala likulu la zonse.

Komabe, khama lake sanali okha amanena, chifukwa Iye adalowa mbiri monga wasayansi wamkulu ndi masamu. Galileo:

• ndi maphunziro wazotsatira anakana kunena Aristotle, umene umati mlingo wa kugwa kwa thupi ndi mwachindunji njila kwa kulemera kwake;
• Iye anabweretsa chododometsa dzina lake, limene chiwerengero cha manambala zachilengedwe wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha mabwalo a yemweyo, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mabwalo a manambala si;
• Iye analemba "Nkhani pa dayisi," amene ankaona Buku mawu a chiphunzitso Mwina, vuto ndi mapeto ndi kulingalira.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Pamene anatchula masamu lalikulu la Russia, mmodzi wa oyamba n'loti chithunzi sayansi.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov anabadwa m'chaka cha 1903 mu mzinda wa Tambov. maphunziro a kupulayimale analandira kunyumba, kenako sukulu ina yophunzitsa payekha. Kale, anthu akhala kalikiliki luso yodabwitsa mu sayansi ndi. Pakuti mavuto osiyanasiyana, banja lake kusamukira Moscow, kumene anapeza Civil nkhondo. Ngakhale zonse, Kolmogorov analowa Moscow University mu mphamvu ya Masamu. mnyamatayu bwino kumunda osankhidwa kunali kwakukulu moti anatha effortlessly kutenga mayeso oyambirira, osati kuyang'ana kwa zokonda chachikulu - chiphunzitso cha Mwina. M'magazini onena za sayansi anayamba kuoneka ntchito za Andrei Nikolaevich, kuyambira 1923, ndipo pambuyo pake nthawi kuti sadzachitanso anadutsa zaka 20. Mwadongosolo kukwaniritsa kufunika, ndi masamu mu 1939 anakhala academician. Iye anagwira ntchito moyo wake wonse ndipo anamwalira mu Moscow mu chaka cha 1987, iye anaikidwa mu manda Novodevichy.

Ntchito zake kwambiri monga:

• Kusintha njira kuphunzitsa masamu m'sukulu za pulaimale ndi sekondale. masamu Great ndipo anatulukira wa sikelo dziko n'zofunika, koma mochepa wapatali ndi zofunikira ntchito kukonzekeretsa mbadwo wachinyamata atsogoleri ena m'tsogolo sayansi. Aliyense akudziwa kuti maziko ake ali ana aang'ono.
• Kukula kwa njira masamu ndi kusamutsa iwo kuchokera umboni ku madera ntchito. M'mawu ena, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Andrei Nikolaevich Masamu mbe mu sayansi.
• Kutsiliza amawatenga wa mayiko sayansi m'dera pulayimale Mwina axioms chiphunzitso. iwowa amakhala ndi chakuti akufotokoza amalire chiwerengero cha zochitika.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Izi chithunzi sayansi, ngati masamu onse kwambiri Russian kuyambira ubwana anasonyeza luso kwambiri masayansi.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky anabadwa mu 1793 mu umodzi wa maiko a Russia. Pa zaka 7 akale banja lake anasamukira ku Kazan, kumene moyo wake wonse. Iye anafa pa zaka 63, kupitirizabe dzina lake mpaka kalekale ntchito kuti lowonjezera ndi Agiriki Euclidean Masamu. Iye anayambitsa kumveketsa angapo dongosolo mwachizolowezi yesa mndandanda wa mfundo Mwachitsanzo, kuti mizere kufanana tikumane osawerengeka. ntchito yake anatsimikiza ndege amene amakhala ndi liwiro la pafupi kuwala kumayendera. Zingaoneke, kodi tanthauzo la anapeza pa nthawi imeneyo? Nthanthi ndi maganizo, choipitsitsa, koma pa nthawi asayansi aakulu ndi masamu anazindikira kuti ntchito ya Lobachevsky chitseko m'tsogolo.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Dzina la masamu ndi odziwika kwa aliyense wophunzira, monga izo zinkayenera kuti taonera Inde ambiri a masamu apamwamba, ndi m'madera ake yopapatiza kwambiri, monga mu kusanthula masamu.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (zaka za moyo - 1789-1857) tinganene kuti bambo a kusanthula masamu. Ndipo Iye anabweretsa m'maganizo onse akukhala Limbo, popanda tanthauzo kapena kulungamitsidwa. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake unawoneka zipilala amalanga monga kupitiriza, malire, otumphukira ndi yofunika. Cauchy anasonyezanso mgwirizano wa mndandanda ndi utali wozungulira ake, anapatsidwa kulungamitsidwa masamu a kupezeka mu Optics.

chopereka Cauchy mu chitukuko cha masamu lonse makono kuti dzina lake watenga kunyada kwa malo pansi woyamba wa Tower Eiffel - ndi apo kuti mumve, ndi asayansi (kuphatikizapo masamu kwambiri). mndandanda akutumikira monga chipilala kuti sayansi, ndi lero.

chifukwa

Kwa zaka masamu anakopeka asayansi zobwera awo, omwe n'zosadabwitsa angafotokoze zonse zimene zimachitika m'dzikoli.

Pythagoras amanena kuti chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha bodza. Pafupifupi zonse zimene munthu ndipo mwa munthu, tinganene.

Galileo anati masamu - chinenero cha chilengedwe. Ganizani za zimenezi. Phindu kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe yokumba, limafotokoza zonse zachilengedwe.

Mayina a masamu lalikulu - si mndandanda wa anthu amene kusiya ntchito zawo, kuwonjezera ndi kukulitsa sayansi. Awa limasonyeza kuti amatha yolumikizana panopa komanso m'tsogolo, kusonyeza anthu chiyembekezo.

Komabe, ili ndi lupanga awiri konsekonse, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mfundo amapereka popezera mpata kwambiri chikoka.

Chidziwitso - mphamvu. nkhanza osayenera wokhoza kuononga zimene anaphunzira kotero bwinobwino ndi kusonkhanitsa nyenyeswa. Kudziwa ichi ndiyofunikila, sayansi ayenera kupita wabwino.

anthu Great kulankhula za masamu ndi kulemekeza malire, monga pasipoti m'tsogolo.