Greek masamu Euclid: yonena za sayansi, ndi lotseguka ndi chidwi mfundo

Tikupereka inu bwino masamu wamkulu Euclid. Wambiri, chidule cha ntchito yake yaikulu ndi mfundo zosangalatsa za sayansi iyi ndi m'nkhani ino. Euclid (zaka za moyo - 365-300 BC ..) - masamu, kunena za nyengo chawo. Iwo anagwira Alexandria pansi Ptolemy Ine Soter. Pali awiri Mabaibulo waukulu umene iye anabadwira. Malinga woyamba - mu Athens, malinga chachiwiri - mu Turo (Syria).

Wambiri ya Euclid: Chidwi Mfundo

Za moyo izi wasayansi amadziwika osati kwambiri. Pali uthenga umene uli Pappa Alexandria. munthu uyu anali masamu amene ankakhala mu theka 2 wa m'zaka za m'ma 3 AD. Iye ananena kuti timasamala ndi wasayansi anali wachifundo ndi wofatsa ndi amene mwanjira ina akhoza kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu kapena maphunziro ena a sayansi masamu onse.

Palinso nthano kuti anati Archimedes. khalidwe Aika - Euclid. Mwachidule yonena za ana ambiri kumafuna nthano, monga chidwi kwambiri ndipo angathe kupanga chidwi masamu pa owerenga wamng'ono. Lembali limati Mfumu Ptolemy ankafuna kuphunzira masamu. Komabe, kunapezeka kuti si kovuta. Pamenepo mfumu otchedwa katswiri Euclid, namfunsa ngati pali njira iliyonse zovuta kumvetsa sayansi. Koma Euclid anayankha kuti palibe njira mfumuyo Masamu. Kotero ndicho kusonyeza kuti wakhala mapiko, anabwera kwa ife mwa mawonekedwe a nthano.

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma 3 BC. e. Anayambitsanso Alexandria Museum ndi Library of Alexandria Euclid. Mwachidule mbiri ndiponso zimene wake imakhudzana ndi mabungwe awiriwa, amenenso madera maphunziro.

Euclid - mwana wasukulu wa Plato

sayansi iyi wopyoza Plato Academy zochokera (chithunzi chake anapereka m'munsimu). Akhapfundziswa lingaliro lalikulu la woganiza izi nzeru zaumunthu, chimene chinali chakuti pali dziko osiyana maganizo. Tikhoza kunena kuti Euclid, amene yonena ndi woumira ndi mfundo, anali nzeru Platonist. Izi khwekhwe analimbitsa wasayansi kumvetsa kuti zonse zimene analenga ndipo anafotokoza iye mu "Principia," ali umuyaya.

Tili ndi chidwi chofuna woganiza amene anabadwa zaka 205 pambuyo Pythagoras, mu '63 - Platon, 33 - Eudoxus, 19 - Aristotle. Iye anakomana ndi ntchito zawo ndi akatswiri a masamu kapena payekhapayekha kapena kudzera intermediaries.

Communication "Zochitika" wa Euclid ndi ntchito ndi akatswiri ena

Proclus, nzeru zapamwamba-Platonist (zaka za moyo - 412-485), wolemba ndemanga pa "chiyambi", anandiuza kuti ntchito imeneyi amasonyeza akatswiri a Plato ndi "Pythagorean chiphunzitso ...". Pa kuphunzira kwake Euclid Powafotokozera chiphunzitso a chigawo golide (mabuku 2, 6 ndi 13) ndi polyhedra zonse (Book 13). Monga wochirikiza wa Platonism, wasayansi anazindikira kuti "chiyambi" amathandiza kuti akatswiri a Plato ndi malingaliro mwakuchita akalambula wake, wa umodzi n'zosangalatsa kumva kuti amadziwika chilengedwe.

Osati wina Proclus anayamikira zolimba Plato ndi gawo golide. Iogann Kepler (zaka za moyo - 1571-1630) ndi chidwi iwo. Izi zakuthambo German kudziŵika kuti Masamu ali chuma awiri - ndi golide chiŵerengero (Chigawo cha chidutswa pakati ndi ubale kutali) ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Pythagorean. Mtengo omaliza amene poyerekeza ndi golide, ndipo woyamba - ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Iogann Kepler ntchito zolimba Plato polenga kungoganizira wake Cosmological.

Mtengo wa "Chabe"

Buku "Start" - ndi ntchito yaikulu, amene analengedwa ndi Euclid. The yonena za sayansi iyi, kumene anati ndi ntchito zina zimene ife kufotokoza kenako nkhaniyi. Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito otchedwa "Start", pamene mfundo zonse zofunika za masamu ongolankhula ndi masamu, ndipo analemba ndi akalambula ake. Mmodzi wa iwo - Hippocrates cha Chios, ndi masamu amene ankakhala 5 m'ma BC. e. Theudas (2 theka la zana la 4 BC. E.) Ndipo Leontes (zana la 4 BC. E.) Komanso analemba bukhu mutu umenewu. Komabe, mkubwela kwa Euclidean "Ndinayamba" ntchito zonse za amenewa kukankhira kunja ntchito. Buku Euclid linali buku zikuluzikulu Masamu zoposa 2 zaka chikwi. Scientist kulenga ntchito yake, ntchito zambiri zomwe anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo. Euclid ali kukonzedwa mfundo zilipo ndi zinthu asonkhane.

Mu buku lake, wolemba mwachidule chitukuko cha masamu a ku Greece ndipo analenga maziko olimba atulukira zina. Ichi ndi tanthauzo la ntchito Euclid yaikulu ya dziko la anthu, masamu, ndi sayansi onse wonse. Kungakhale kulakwa kuganiza kuti ndi kulimbikitsa zongoganiza za Plato ndi Pythagoras mu psevdomirozdanii awo.

Asayansi ambiri akuti "chiyambi" wa Euclid, kuphatikizapo Albert Einstein. Iye ananena kuti ndi mankhwala chodabwitsa amene anapereka maganizo a munthu kuti azidzidalira koyenera kuti ntchito zina. Einstein kuti munthu amene si woyamikiridwa ndi unyamata wake chilengedwe ichi sali wobadwa kufufuza ongolankhula.

axiomatic njira

Ndi mawu osiyana kufunika kwa ntchito za sayansi ndi timasamala ndi chionetsero kwambiri cha njira axiomatic mu "Principia". njira imeneyi mu masamu ano ndi oopsa kwambiri a iwo amene ntchito zifukwa zongoganizira. Mu zimango, nawonso ankagwiritsa ntchito. Wasayansi wamkulu Newton anamanga "Mfundo za Natural Philosophy" ntchito chitsanzo chimene analenga Euclid.

Wambiri chidwi kwa ife wolemba akupitiriza kufotokoza kuti chakudya chachikulu cha ntchito yake yaikulu.

The chakudya waukulu "chiyambi"

M'buku "Mfundo" anayamba mwadongosolo Euclidean Masamu. dongosolo lawo ntchito zachokera mfundo monga ndege, molunjika, mfundo, kusuntha. Relations kuti ntchito izo, zotsatirazi: "mfundo yomwe ili pa mzere wolunjika atagona ndege" ndi "Mfundo imeneyi inali pakati pa mfundo zina ziwiri."

Dongosolo la kamba la masamu Euclidean, naperekanso mu ulaliki ano, kawirikawiri n'kukhala m'magulu 5 axioms: zoyenda, kuti, kupitiriza, ndi Kuphatikiza yomweyi Euclid.

The khumi mabuku a "chiyambi" Asayansi kuperekedwa ndi masamu, stereometry, planimetry, ubale wa Eudoxus. Tikumbukenso kuti ulaliki ntchito imeneyi mosamalitsa deductively. tanthawuzo akuyamba iliyonse buku la Euclid, ndi oyamba anatsatira axioms ndi postulates. Komanso pali maganizo pa kugawa ntchito (kumene kofunikira kuti kumanga aliyense) ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka (kumene inu kutsimikizira chilichonse).

Kupanda masamu a Euclid

The drawback chachikulu ndicho kuti wasayansi axiomatic sadziwa chokwanira. No axiom za kayendedwe, kupitiriza ndi dongosolo. Choncho, asayansi zambiri kudalira diso, ntchito yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale. Mabuku 14 ndi 15 - ndi kuwonjezapo posachedwapa ntchito, wolemba amene - Euclid. yonena ake okha yochepa kwambiri, kotero inu mukhoza motsimikiza ngati choyamba 13 mabuku analengedwa ndi munthu mmodzi kapena chifukwa cha ntchito gulu la sukulu, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi wasayansi.

Komanso chitukuko cha sayansi

Zikamera wa Euclidean Masamu amagwirizana ndi zosayembekezereka wa zithunzi zithunzi m'dzikoli (cheza cha kuwala, anatambasula filament ngati fanizo la mizere molunjika ndi zina zotero. N.). Iwo chimawonjezeka, kotero kuti panali kumvetsa bwino umboni wa sayansi, monga masamu. N. I. Lobachevsky (zaka za moyo - 1792-1856) - Russian masamu amene anapanga anapeza zofunika. Iye ananena kuti pali Masamu osiyana ndi Euclidean. Izo zasintha maganizo asayansi 'za mlengalenga. Kunapezeka kuti iwo si zolemba. Mu mawu ena, Masamu akhazikitsidwa mu "Zochitika" wa Euclid, akhoza kukhala ndi limalongosola katundu wa danga kuti tikukhala. chitukuko cha sayansi achilengedwe (makamaka zakuthambo ndi sayansi) anasonyeza kuti limafotokoza dongosolo yekha ndi olondola ena. Komanso sangathe ntchito kwa danga lonse wonse. Euclidean Masamu - izi ndi njira yoyamba nzeru ndi malongosoledwe a dongosolo lake.

Mwa njira, Lobachevsky tsoka zinali zomvetsa chisoni. Iye sanali m'dzikoli sayansi maganizo awo kufika. Komabe, kulimbana wasayansi ndi sikunapite pachabe. Kupambana maganizo operekedwa Lobachevsky, Gauss, amene makalata lasindikizidwa mu zaka 1860. Pakati pa makalata onse panali mokalipa ndemanga za sayansi Lobachevsky Masamu.

ntchito zina Euclid

ndi chidwi chachikulu nthawi yathu ndi yonena za Euclid yasayansi. Mu masamu, iye apeza zinthu zofunika. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti kuyambira 1482 "chiyambi" buku mabuku oposa mazana asanu m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, yonena za masamu Euclid ikusonyezedwa osati chilengedwe cha buku ili. Iye amakhala angapo ntchito pa Optics, zakuthambo, logic, nyimbo. Mmodzi wa iwo - buku "Data", limene limafotokoza zinthu zimene n'zotheka kuti tione "kuti" izi kapena kuti masamu yayikulu fano. ntchito zina Euclid - buku Optics, lomwe lili ndi kudziŵa za m'tsogolo. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna wasayansi analemba nkhani ndi catoptrics (adayika ntchito imeneyi chiphunzitso cha chinyengo akuwuka pa galasi). Mumadziwika ndi buku Euclid amatchedwa "Chigawo cha kanjedza." Ntchito masamu "The mfundo zabodza", mwatsoka, wanena sanapulumuke.

Choncho, kodi inu kukumana asayansi aakulu monga Euclid. Mwachidule yonena za iye, mwachiyembekezo, kukhala zothandiza inu.