Kepler Iogann: yonena, ntchito, atulukira

Maonekedwe a dongosolo heliocentric wa Nikolaya Kopernika - zofunika kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha ndondomeko yomwe analandira dzina la mbiri yakale wa sayansi yamakonoyi zaka XVI-XVII. Mu oyamba bukhu lake, kumene anaika mfundo imeneyi, Polish kwambiri mokoma analozera absurdity za izo, taganizirani kupereka ntchito yanu monga kuyesa kupeza njira kuti tisaletse masamu ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo. Mtengo wa akatembenuka chitsanzo Copernican wa chilengedwe chonse mu choonadi chenicheni wa chachikulu German wasayansi ndi dzina Kepler. Johann m'mibadwo yina yayikulu ankafunsa: analengezeratu za kubwera kwa dziko mtundu watsopano wa munthu - wasayansi, podziwa chikhalidwe cha yogwira.

Nyenyezi - nyengo yachisanu ikupita tsogolo kwambiri

zakuthambo m'tsogolo, masamu, zomangamanga, dokotala wa maso anabadwa December 27, 1571 m'banja losauka m'tauni ya chophimba, mu duchy wa Württemberg, mu gawo Swabian la Germany. Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 5, iye anapita ku nkhondo ku Holland, mutu wa banja - msilikali-akupha Heinrich Kepler. Johann sindinayambe ndamuwonapo iye. mayi ake, Caterina, anali mwana wa mwininyumba ya alendo, ankachita nawo mankhwala azitsamba, ndi ula, imene kenako pafupifupi anataya mutu wake. Ndi ndalama zambiri, iye anachita chirichonse mwana analandira maphunziro abwino.

Choona chidwi zingadziŵike tsoka lonse, ali ndi mbiri Ioganna Keplera pachiyambi penipeni. Katharina Kepler anasonyeza zisanu ndi chimodzi Johann nyenyezi, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu - mu 1580 - kadamsana wa mwezi. Nyenyezi zonse zakukwawa ponda ndi mwezi kusintha mawonekedwe m'maso, mnyamata moti zinawalimbikitsa amphamvu. Mwina sanabadwe chilakolako chake kufika zimayambitsa zimene zikuchitika?

Scientist-zaumulungu, wochirikiza wa Copernicus

Ana aang'ono, Johann anasamukira nthomba, kufooketsa pamaso pake. Choncho ankakula lofooka ndiponso wodwaladwala. Chifukwa cha ichi, anatenga nthawi yaitali kuposa anzawo kuti sekondale. Pankhaniyi, kulowa Kepler University of Tübingen achititsa kuti luso mzinda boma kwambiri, wogwidwa Iogann Kepler. Mwachidule yonena za wasayansi ndi 1591 kuti 1594 ndi kwambiri mayamwidwe chidziwitso mmodzi wa yunivesite bwino European.

Kepler moyo wonse anali munthu kwambiri achipembedzo ndi olimbikira Chiprotestanti. Choncho, iye anali kukonzekera kuti akhale wansembe nalowa mphamvu zachipembedzo. Komabe, kale anakapezeka njira ya masamu ndipo zakuthambo, kukhala mbuye zaluso - izo wotchedwa ngati sayansi yeniyeni pa nthawi. Mwa aphunzitsi ake anali wothandiza wa dongosolo heliocentric wa Michael Maestlin. Mchikakamizo cha nkhani yake mlaliki kukhulupirira chiphunzitso ichi chimakula Kepler. Johann anayesa mwakuya kutanthauzira malingaliro a Copernicus, koma sikuti ndichite mfundo zolondola.

Cup Kepler a

Akufuna kukhala wansembe Johann anasiya akupempha kuti malo lecturer mu masamu pa yunivesite ya Graz (1594). Ngakhale otsimikiza kudzipereka kwake njira wotumikira Mulungu unali wangwiro, yonena za mbiri Ioganna Keplera Anasanduka ofufuza za sayansi ataima pa nsanja ya chiphunzitso, amene ankakana Ptolemaic (Geo) chitsanzo cha dziko.

Mu Harz iye akuyembekezera mogwirizana masamu mu chipangizo cha dongosolo dzuwa lofalitsidwa buku lakuti "Chinsinsi cha dziko lonse" (1596). Zooneka akuti maganizo analengeza wasayansi m'bukuli ndi "chikho cha Kepler." Zinali buku chitsanzo cha dongosolo dzuwa, imene kuwala lili pakati pa Copernicus, koma zili m'njira ya mapulaneti makina Kepler amapereka katundu wa matupi Plato - cubes, mipira ndi polyhedra zonse. No masamu zodabwitsa ankaona nthawi kuti luso - chitsanzo ichi anali wokongola kwambiri, koma pachithunzichi mwamtheradi.

Time kuti kuitana

M'buku lake Kepler amatumiza zotsogola asayansi Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Galileo ndi Dane Tiho Brage, yemwe anali bwalo zakuthambo ku Prague. Kumakana akufuna Kepler yozungulira mogwirizana mitundu, asayansi onse amayamikira ntchito ya masamu achinyamata ndi zakuthambo. Komabe, ndi maudindo osiyana. Galileo anavomereza njira heliocentric ndi Braga ankakonda mtima ndi m'maganizo a maganizo ake. Dane anaitanidwa Kepler kuti Prague.

Johann kunyamuka kwa Prague chinathandiza zifukwa zingapo. Pakati pawo - mfundo zovuta ndi malo abwino a Kepler (iye anakwatira, koma mkazi wamng'ono anadwala ndi khunyu ndipo posakhalitsa anamwalira) ndi chiyambi cha chizunzo cha Chiprotestanti Mpingo wa Katolika, omwe akhala akulengeza wampatuko ndiponso Iogann Kepler. Mwachidule yonena za wasayansi ku nthawi yomalizira anakhala mu Harz ndi zonse kuwaopseza ndi kuthamanga pa iye wochirikiza ziphunzitso za mpatuko.

Mu 1600, Kepler akadzafika mu Prague, komwe iye akuyamba kwambiri kuberekana nthawi ya moyo wake.

Kepler ku Prague. cholowa

Litangoyamba ntchito olowa Brahe atamwalira mwadzidzidzi, kusiya Kepler yachokera kwa awo kuzipenya zakuthambo , ndi malo a bwalo zakuthambo ndi wambwebwe. Khumi wochitidwa ndi Kepler ku Prague, ndi maziko a zonse patsogolo yaikulu sayansi anapanga zakuthambo, sayansi, masamu.

Mu zakuthambo, Kepler anabweretsa kuti chomaliza cha ku kuzipeleka kwa chisonyezo cha Maplaneti ozungulira dzuŵa. Kumvetsa zimene anapeza ndi limabweretsa Johannes Kepler, m'nthawi yake ndikanathera ku kaundula wamkulu wa wasayansi - "New Astronomy" (1609). Mu izo, ndi lomaliza "chiyanjano cha World" (1618) malamulo atatu a kinematics zakuthambo anakonza. Iye anati woyamba mapulaneti za mawonekedwe a ellipse ndi dzuwa pa imodzi foci, ndi wachiwiri ndi wachitatu dziko anafotokoza yozungulira mathamangidwe ndi njira muyeso wake. Komanso, Kepler anafotokoza supernova zolondola zakuthambo matebulo ntchito ngati lathu kwa oyendetsa nyenyezi ndi zakuthambo.

Masamu anali chida chachikulu kuti ntchito pa ntchito yake Kepler. Johann m'buku la "New Masamu migolo vinyo" (1615) chimasonyeza bwanji kuti mupeze buku la zolimba kusintha, kuyala maziko a kusanthula masamu ndi yofunika kakyulasi. Pakati pa atulukira masamu a Kepler - tebulo la logarithms, mfundo zatsopano - "masamu amatanthauza" ndi "mfundo osawerengeka".

Kepler anadzetsa ntchito sayansi maganizo "inertia", kunena za nzeru chikhalidwe cha chilakolako zokhudza mgwirizano matupi iye anabwera pafupi ndi kutsegula malamulo yokoka. Woyamba kufotokoza chifukwa cha mafunde mphamvu ya Moon, ali anafotokoza zimayambitsa myopia, iye anayamba zakutali patsogolo kwambiri.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa. chikumbukiro

Mu 1615, Kepler anakakamizika kukhala loya mayi ake, mlandu wa ufiti. Iye anaopseza kuti awotchedwe pamtengo, koma Johann anatha kukwaniritsa kumasulidwa ake.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Kepler anakakamizika pochita kufunafuna yodalirika kuthandiza mabanja awo, ndipo pa ulendo mfumu, mangawa malipiro, mu Rigensburg mu 1630 anamwalira.

Kepler dzina lero - pakati pa nzeru kwambiri amene maganizo ndi maziko ndipo panopa sayansi ndi zamakono. dzina lake lapatsidwa kwa asteroid Chigwa pa Moon, danga galimoto ndi makina danga Observatory, amene anatsegula dziko latsopano ofanana Earth zinthu komanso dzina la Kepler a.