X-ray kusanthula - kuphunzira kapangidwe ka zinthu

X-ray kusanthula ndi njira zofufuzira zipangizo structural nyumbayi. Bukuli lili pa mapindidwe akuwala ya X-ray mtengo pa wapadera crystalline lattices atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Mu phunziro ntchito yoweyula utali umene ndi pafupifupi 1a logwirizana ndi kukula kwa atomu. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti X-ray kusanthula ndi nyutironi ndi elekitironi mapindidwe akuwala njira anafotokoza kuti mtima wa kapangidwe ka thunthu.

Izi zimathandiza kufufuza kapangidwe atomiki, danga gulu la selo wagawo, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe, komanso gulu la galasi chosokonekera. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kuphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo, organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala, mchere, zipangizo amorphous, zakumwa ndiponso gasi. Nthawi zina, ndi X-ray dongosolo kusanthula mapuloteni, zidulo mkati ndi zinthu zina.

kusanthula izi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa dongosolo atomiki zipangizo crystalline amene analembedwa bwino chimatanthauza ndipo masoka mapindidwe akuwala grating kwa x-ray. Tikumbukenso kuti kufufuza zina zinthu ray kusanthula amafuna timibulu, zomwe ndi zofunikira koma zovuta zokwanira.

The mapindidwe akuwala ya X-ray anatulukira ndi Laue, maziko ongolankhula wa Wolf ndipo anayamba Bragg anati. Ikani dongosolo zopezeka mu udindo wa kuwunika anapereka Debye ndi Scherrer. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti panopa X-ray kusanthula ndi imodzi mwa njira ambiri kuti adziwe kapangidwe ka zinthu, chifukwa ndi losavuta kuchita ndi sikutanthauza ndalama kwambiri.

Timatha inu kufufuza magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu, ndi mtengo wa mudziwe analandira zimapangitsa oyamba njira zatsopano. Choncho tinayamba kuphunzira dongosolo la thunthu pamene ntchito zamoyo zina interatomic pambuyo njira mwachindunji kwa kudziŵa nyumba crystalline anali olemera. Tikumbukenso kuti zinthu woyamba amene anaphunzira ntchito X-ray anali soda ndi potaziyamu chlorides.

Kuphunzira okhudza malo kapangidwe ka mapuloteni inayamba mu 30s Mu zaka zapitazo ku United Kingdom. Deta analandira amapatsidwa kuwuka kwa zamoyo, zomwe analola kudziwa zofunika katundu physico-mankhwala mapulotini, komanso DNA kulenga chitsanzo choyamba.

Ndi 50 ntchentche mwachangu anayamba njira kompyuta khamu la zomwe wakhala akamagwira X-ray structural kusanthula.

Pakali pano, ntchito synchrotrons. Iwo ali magwero monochromatic ya X-ray ntchito walitsa wa makhiristo. Zothandiza kwambiri zipangizozi ntchito njira Mipikisano timaganiza anomalous kupezeka. Dziwani kuti ntchito kokha malo kufufuza anthu. Mu Laboratories ntchito njira zochepa wamphamvu amene zimangokolezera kutsimikizira khalidwe timibulu, komanso kupeza kusanthula coarse zinthu.