Asayansi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse ndi Russia. Kodi wasayansi wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse ndani?

Zithunzi za asayansi aliyense zimatilola kuti timvetse bwino njira yake kupita ku zitukuko zabwino ndikuphunzira zokhudzana ndi zochitika zina zosangalatsa. Kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro la momwe sayansi imachitira, ndi koyenera kuwerengera mwatsatanetsatane nkhani zochepa za machitidwe ake otsogolera.

Chiwerengero chofunikira kwambiri

Mulimonse mwazomwe zikuyenera kuyenera kumvetsera kwa wasayansi wofunika kwambiri. Kotero, mankhwala abwino kwambiri a ku Britain anali Fleming. Wolemba kwambiri wochokera ku Russia ndi Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, yemwe anali munthu weniweni wa ku Renaissance, anasonyeza maluso osiyanasiyana. Pascal, Tesla ndi ena ndiwo akatswiri a masamu ndi a sayansi, omwe amapereka nawo chidwi m'moyo wamakono. Ndani mwa iwo ndi sayansi wotchuka kwambiri? Aliyense amayenera kusamalidwa mofanana.

Alexander Fleming

Wopanga penicillin wam'tsogolo anabadwira mu August 1881 mumzinda wawung'ono wa Scotland wa Lochfield. Atalandira maphunziro apamwamba, anapita ku London ndipo anakhala wophunzira wa Royal Polytechnic Institute. Malangizo a katswiri wafilosofi ndi mchimwene wake Tom, Alexander anaganiza zopanga sayansi, mu 1903 anapita kukagwira ntchito kuchipatala cha St. Mary ndipo anayamba kuchita opaleshoni. Nkhondo itatha, kumene adawona anthu ambiri akufa, Fleming anaganiza zochiritsidwa ndi matenda. Asayansi odziwika a ku Britain akhala akugwira kale ntchitoyi, koma palibe amene wapindulapo zotsatira zake. Chinthu chokha chomwe chinapangidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe amachepetsa ntchito zoteteza thupi. Fleming anatsimikizira kuti mankhwalawa si oyenera kuchiza mabala aakulu. Pofika m'chaka cha 1928, anayamba kuphunzira mabakiteriya ochokera m'banja la staphylococci. Tsiku lina, atabwerako ku tchuthi, Fleming anapeza patebulo la fungaloni, lomwe linayambitsa tizilombo toyipa. Wasayansi anaganiza kuti akule nkhungu mu mawonekedwe oyera ndi penicillin okhawo. Mpaka makumi anayi adakwaniritsa maonekedwe ake ndipo posakhalitsa kupanga kwake kunakula kwambiri ndipo adatengedwa kuchipatala. Mu 1944, pamodzi ndi mnzanga, Flory analandira mphamvu. Mayina a asayansi otchuka anafika ku Komiti ya Nobel, ndipo kale mu 1945 adalandira mphoto mu ntchito ya mankhwala. Royal College of Physicians anapanga Fleming kukhala membala wolemekezeka. Sikuti asayansi onse a Chingerezi omwe amadziwika amatha kudzitamandira chifukwa cha zinthu zoterezi. Fleming ndi luso lapadera ndi munthu woyenera kutchulidwa m'ndandanda iliyonse ya madokotala abwino kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Gregor Mendel

Asayansi ambiri otchuka sanaphunzire bwino. Mwachitsanzo, Gregor Mendel anabadwira mu July 1882 m'banja la anthu osavuta komanso ophunzitsidwa ku bungwe la zaumulungu. Anadziŵa yekha zamoyo zake zonse zamoyo. Posakhalitsa anayamba kuphunzitsa, kenako anapita ku yunivesite ku Vienna, kumene anayamba kuchita zomera zosakanizidwa. Mothandizidwa ndi zosavuta zambiri za nandolo, adayambitsa mfundo za malamulo a cholowa. Mayina a asayansi odziŵika bwino nthaŵi zambiri amapatsidwa zozizwitsa zawo, ndipo Mendel sanasinthe. Zolemba za Gregor sankachita chidwi ndi anthu a m'nthaŵi yake, iye anasiya ntchito mu laboratori ndipo anakhala woyang'anira ku nyumba ya amonke. Kusintha kwa zomwe anazipeza ndi tanthauzo lake lalikulu kunaonekera kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, Gregor Mendel atamwalira. Asayansi odziwika kwambiri ku Russia ndi dziko lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake ngakhale tsopano. Mfundo za Mendel zimaphunzitsidwa pamsukulu.

Leonardo da Vinci

Asayansi ochepa otchuka amadziwika kwambiri monga Leonardo. Iye sanali katswiri wodziwika bwino wafilosofi, koma komanso mlengi, zojambula zake ndi ziboliboli zimakondweretsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo moyo wake ndiwo gwero la chilimbikitso cha ntchito: iye ndi munthu wokondweretsa komanso wodabwitsa. Munthu woposa onse amene anabadwanso m'chaka cha April 1452 anabadwa. Kuyambira ali mwana, Leonardo ankakonda kujambula, kujambula, kujambula. Iye anali wosiyana ndi chidziwitso chake chodabwitsa mu sayansi, fizikiki ndi masamu. Ntchito zake zambiri zinayesedwa patangopita zaka zana, ndipo nthawi zambiri anthu sankamvetsera. Leonardo ankakonda kwambiri makina oyendetsa ndege, koma sakanatha kuzindikira ntchitoyo. Kuphatikizanso apo, adaphunzira malamulo ambiri amadzimadzi ndi ma hydraulics. Asayansi odziwika bwino sakhala otchuka komanso ojambula. Leonardo ndi wojambula kwambiri, wolemba wa "Gioconda" wotchuka komanso "The Last Supper". Anakhalabe pambuyo pake ndi mipukutu yambiri. Asayansi ambiri achilendo komanso odziwika bwino a ku Russia akugwiritsabe ntchito ntchito ya Da Vinci yomwe inamangidwa mpaka 1519, atamwalira ali ku France.

Blaise Pascal

Wasayansi uyu wa ku France anabadwa mu June 1623 ku Clermont-Ferrand, m'banja la woweruza. Bambo ake a Pascal ankadziwika chifukwa chokonda sayansi. Mu 1631 banja lathu linasamukira ku Paris, kumene Blaise analemba ntchito yake yoyamba phokoso la matupi ozunguza - izi zinachitika pamene mnyamatayo anali ndi zaka 11 zokha. Asayansi ochepa otchuka a Russia ndi dziko lapansi angadzitamande chifukwa cha kupambana koyambirira! Blaise adadabwitsa anthu omwe ali ndi luso lake la masamu, adatha kutsimikizira kuti chiwerengero cha zing'onoting'ono zapatatu ndi ziwiri. M'chaka cha 16 iye analemba zolemba pa hexagon yolembedwa mu bwalo. Chifukwa cha izi, chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino cha Pascal chidzapangidwa. Mu 1642 Blaise anapanga makina opanga makina omwe angakhoze kuchita ntchito za kuwonjezera ndi kuchotsa. Komabe, monga asayansi ambiri odziwika bwino komanso zomwe anapeza, Blaise ndi "Pascalina" ake sanakhale odziwika bwino pakati pa anthu. Pakadali pano, kusiyana kwake pa makina owerengetsera kumawasungira m'mabwalo okongoletsera abwino ku Ulaya. Kuphatikizanso apo, zopereka za Pascal ku sayansi ndizothandiza kwambiri - ziwerengero zake zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi asayansi zamakono.

Alexander Popov

Asayansi ambiri odziwika bwino a ku Russia apanga zinthu, zomwe dziko lonse likusangalala nazo tsopano. Izi zikuphatikizapo Alexander Popov, yemwe ndi amene anayambitsa radiyo, yemwe anabadwira m'mudzi wa Urals m'banja la wansembe. Maphunziro oyambirira analandiridwa ndi iye mu sukulu ya zaumulungu, kenako adalowa seminare. Popita ku yunivesite ya St. Petersburg, Popov anakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, choncho mofanana ndi maphunziro ake anayenera kugwira ntchito. Alexander anatengedwa ndi fizikiya ndipo anayamba kuphunzitsa ku Kronstadt. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1901 iye adali pulofesa ku Institute of Electrical Engineering ku St. Petersburg, ndipo adakhala woyang'anira. Chidwi chake chachikulu chinali muzipangizo ndi kuyesera. Anaphunzira magetsi osokoneza bongo. Mu 1895 adapereka kwa wailesi wailesi kwa anthu onse. Kuchokera mu 1897 adagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwake. Othandizira Popov Rybkin ndi Troitsky anatsimikizira kuti angathe kugwiritsa ntchito polemba zilembo. Popov anapanga kusinthidwa komaliza ndikupanga chipangizo, chomwe chilipo pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse.

Nikola Tesla

Wasayansi uyu anabadwira ku Austria-Hungary. Monga Popov, Tesla anali mwana wa wansembe. Mu 1870 anamaliza sukulu ya sekondale ndipo adalowa sukulu, kumene adatengedwa ndi upangidwe wamagetsi. Zaka zingapo iye ankagwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi ku masewera olimbitsa thupi, pambuyo pake anapita ku yunivesite ya Prague. Mofanana, Nicola ankagwira ntchito ku kampani ya telegraph, ndiyeno_ku Edison. Zaka zonse za maphunziro adayesa kupanga galimoto yamagetsi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano. Iye anasamukira ku United States, kumene anagwira bwino ntchito yopanga makina opangidwa ndi Edison. Komabe, Tesla sanalandire ndalamazo, kenako adachoka ndikukhazikitsa labotale yake ku New York. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, Nikola adali kale ndi mavoti angapo - adapanga mita yambiri ndi magetsi. Mu 1915 adasankhidwa kuti apite ku Nobel Prize. Iye sanaleke kugwira ntchito ndipo adathandiza kwambiri ku sayansi, adafa mu 1943 atachita ngozi - Tesla anafika pansi pa galimoto, ndipo nthiti zathyola zinayambitsa chibayo chovuta kwambiri.

Friedrich Schiller

Monga aliyense akudziwira, asayansi otchuka sangakhale kokha m'munda wa sayansi yeniyeni. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha ichi ndi Friedrich Schiller , wolemba mbiri ndi filosofi, yemwe adachita zambiri m'minda yake yodziwa ndipo anapindulitsa kwambiri kulemba. Iye anabadwa mu 1759 mu Ufumu Woyera wa Roma, koma kale mu 1763 iye anasamukira ndi banja lake ku Germany. Mu 1766, iye anali ku Ludwigsburg, kumene anamaliza maphunziro a chipatala. Kupanga Shiller kunayamba pulogalamu yophunzitsa, ndipo mu 1781 sewero lake loyamba linamasulidwa ndipo analandiridwa kuti chaka chamawa adakonzedwa muwonetsero. Masewerawa amachitabe kuti ndi imodzi mwa ma melodramas oyamba komanso opambana kwambiri ku Ulaya. Mu moyo wake wonse, Schiller anagwira ntchito, kutanthauzira masewero kuchokera ku zinenero zina, komanso kuphunzitsidwa mbiriyakale ndi mbiri ya azunivesite.

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow ndi chitsimikiziro chakuti asayansi otchuka sangakhale olemba masamu komanso akatswiri a sayansi. Lingaliro lake la kudzizindikira yekha limadziwa zonse. Maslow anabadwa mu 1908 ku New York. Makolo ake amamuchitira zoipa ndipo amanyalanyazidwa mwanjira iliyonse, ndipo chikhalidwe chake cha Chiyuda chinayambitsa zotsutsana ndi Asimiti anzake. Izi zinapangidwira mwachinthu chochepa cha Abrahamu chosauka, chifukwa cha zomwe adabisala mu laibulale ndikukhala masiku osindikizira mabuku. Pambuyo pake, pang'ono ndi pang'ono adayamba kukhazikitsa moyo wake - poyamba ku High School, kutenga nawo mbali m'magulu osiyanasiyana, kenako ku Faculty of Psychology, komwe adalandira digiri ya master mu 1931. Mu 1937, Maslow anakhala membala wa ogwira ntchito kuphunzitsa ku koleji ku Brooklyn, kumene adagwira ntchito zambiri pa moyo wake. Nkhondo itayamba, Maslow analibenso woyenerera ntchito, koma pa nthawi yomweyi adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuchokera ku zochitika zamagazi - zinakhudza kafukufuku wake pankhani ya psychology. Mu 1943, Maslow anayamba chiphunzitso chake chotchuka cha umunthu motivation, pomwe adanena kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi piramidi ya zosowa zomwe zimafuna kukhutira kuti adzikwaniritse. Mu 1954 iye adafalitsa buku lakuti "Motivation and Personality", komwe adafotokozera chiphunzitso chake mwathunthu ndikuchikonza.

Albert Einstein

Kukambirana kulikonse pa mutu wakuti "Asayansi odziwika ndi zomwe apeza" sangachite popanda kutchula Albert Einstein, katswiri wa sayansi yokhudzana ndi sayansi yemwe akuyimira pa chiyambi cha lingaliro lamakono la sayansi iyi. Einstein anabadwira mu Germany mu 1879, nthawi zonse anali mnyamata wodekha ndi wodekha, sankatsutsana ndi mbiri ya ana ena onse. Ndipo pokhapokha pamene anatengedwa ndi Kant, Einstein adadzipeza yekha talente ya sayansi yeniyeni. Izi zinamuthandiza kukwaniritsa masewera olimbitsa thupi, kenako Zurich Polytechnic ku Switzerland, kumene anasamukira. Ngakhale mu sukulu zamakono, anayamba kulemba nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zina, kuti achite kafukufuku. Mwachibadwa, pamapeto pake izi zachititsa kuti zinthu zambiri zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi zidziwike - chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana, zojambula zithunzi, kayendedwe ka Brownian ndi zina zotero. Patapita kanthawi, Einstein anasamukira ku United States, ndipo anakapeza ntchito ku Princeton ndipo anadzipangira cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso chimodzi chokha chokhazikitsa magetsi.

Andre-Marie Amper

Asayansi odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse omwe anagwira ntchito m'mayendedwe a fizikiya sali ochepa kwa Einstein. Mwachitsanzo, Andre-Marie Amper anabadwa mu 1775 ku France. Bambo ake sanafune kuti mwana wawo aziphunzira, choncho anamuphunzitsa, ndipo mabuku adamuthandiza. Amper adalimbikitsidwa pa zolemba za Rousseau, zomwe zinakhudza ntchito yake yamtsogolo. Pambuyo pa Revolution ndi imfa ya abambo ake Amper akukwatira ndikubwerera ku moyo wabwino. Iye akupitiriza kuphunzitsa, ndipo mu 1802 anakhala mphunzitsi wa masamu ndi zamagetsi mu sukulu imodzi. Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, amafufuza kafukufuku wake wotchuka, chifukwa amadzipeza yekha ku Paris Academy ndikulemba chimodzi mwa ntchito zake zodziwika bwino - "Masamu a Masewera a Masewera." Mu 1809, Amper analandira udindo wa pulofesa, ndipo mu 1814 anakhala membala wa Academy of Sciences. Pambuyo pake, ayamba kufufuza m'magetsi a electrodynamics, ndipo mu 1826 amapanga ntchito yake yotchuka - "Chosayansi cha sayansi pa chiphunzitso cha masamu cha electrodynamic phenomena."