Kuswa kuzinga Leningrad mu January 1943: mfundo mbiri

Pakuti Wehrmacht lamulo katswiri wa mzindawo pa Neva Mtsinje anali chabe asilikali njira kufunika zofunika. Kuwonjezera yolanda gombe lonse la Gulf wa Finland ndi chiwonongeko cha Baltic zombo komanso anathamangitsa zolinga imafika mabodza. Kugwa kwa chopunthira cha kuukira boma kukanamupweteketsa mpaka kalekale kuwononga makhalidwe abwino anthu onse Soviet ndipo kodi kwambiri kuchepetsa makhalidwe a asilikali. Pa lamulo la Red Army anali njira ina: kutapa ndi kupereka mzinda wopanda nkhondo. Pankhaniyi, tsogolo la anthu adzakhala chisoni. Hitler anafuna misozi mzinda pa mapu m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu.

Leningrad kwathunthu wazunguliridwa ndi asilikali German ndi Chifinishi September 8, 1941. Kuzinga Leningrad unatenga masiku 872. Kuwonjezera mayunitsi lankhondo la asilikali ndi bulu mu zovuta kunapezeka anthu opitirira mamiliyoni atatu - othawa ku Leningrad ndiponso mayiko Baltic ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Leningrad pa anatseka misewu ataya oposa 600 zikwi. Chiwerengero wamba, amene peresenti atatu okha anaphedwa ndi mabomba ndi shelling, ndi ena onse anafa ndi njala ndi matenda. Iwo anali anasamutsidwa anthu oposa theka miliyoni.

Kuyesa kuswa anatseka misewu mu 1942

Ngakhale mu masiku yamdima ya nkhondo ankafuna kuphwanya lazungulira. Mu January 1942 asilikali Soviet unkatchedwa amanyansidwa kulumikiza mzinda ndi oletsedwa 'kumtunda' 'pafupi ndi mudzi wa Lubz. Ulendo wotsatira anapangidwa mu August - October, motsogozedwa m'mudzi ndi Siniavino Mga siteshoni. ntchito izi kugumula kuzinga Leningrad analephera. Ngakhale Sinyavinskaya nagonjetsa analephera, koma mchitidwe uwu anakhumudwitsidwa ndi Wehrmacht zonse akufuna kulanda mzinda.

prerequisites njira

Pogonjetsa mphamvu Nazi mu mtsinje wa Volga ukasintha anasintha bwino mphamvu njira mu mtima wa asilikali Soviet. Pa zinthu izi, High Lamulo pakati kugwira ntchito pa likulu deprotected kumpoto. ntchito ntchito yokhudza mphamvu ya Leningrad, Volkhov amadzibisa, ndi Baltic zombo ndi Ladoga Flotilla analandira malamulo dzina '' Iskra ''. Kuthandiza ntchito zolawula pa dzikolo linali ndege losatha. Asandilembe Leningrad anatseka misewu, ngakhale tsankho zidatheka ndi miscalculations yaikulu ya lamulo German. Hitler saganizira kufunika kwa mlingo wa kudzikundikira nkhokwe. Pambuyo kumenyana aukali m'dera Moscow ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko ku Gulu Army 'North' ', awiri kudzipatula magulu oti muli nazo zida ndi mbali yofunika mayunitsi oyenda ndi pang'ono kuchepetsa kutayika kwa gulu lapadera. Ndi chiyambi cha 1943 mu Leningrad pa Aisiraeli sanali lalikulu makina mayunitsi kutsutsa zotheka nkhondo ya Soviet Army.

Zolinga limaitana

Opaleshoni "Iskra" anakhala ndi pakati m'dzinja cha 1942. Chakumapeto November, likulu la Leningrad Front Likulu amanena kukonzekera amanyansidwa latsopano ndi yojambula wa mphete mdani mbali ziwiri: Shlisselburgsky ndi Uritskom. Mkulu Lamulo waganiza tione imodzi, kusala kudya, pafupi-Siniavino Shlisselburg.

November 22 Lamulo anapereka dongosolo la kauntala kanthu za mphamvu moyikirapo wa Leningrad ndi Volkhov amadzibisa. opaleshoni ndipo anavomereza, kukonzekera anapatsidwa pasanathe mwezi. Zinali zofunika kwambiri kugwiritsa nagonjetsa kukonzekera yozizira: masika swampland anakhala kuwoloka. Chifukwa cha m'firiji pamtunda anayamba kumapeto December kuswa anatseka misewu anali kulephereka kwa masiku khumi. Ndondomekozi dzina la opaleshoni anali anazichita Stalin. Theka zapitazo, VI Ulyanov, kupanga thupi kusindikiza kwa Bolshevik Party, amatchedwa nyuzipepala "Iskra" ndi cholinga chakuti mphamvu adzakhala akasonkhe moto walawilawi kusintha. Stalin Mwanjira imeneyi, tinayamba ndi chitsanzochi, poganiza kuti ntchito amanyansidwa mchitidwe amatswa chidwi kupambana pankhondoyo. Kasamalidwe ambiri anapatsidwa kulamulira K. E. Voroshilovu. Agwirire ntchito pa Volkhov Front anatumizidwa kulamulira G. K. Zhukov.

Kukonzekera nagonjetsa

Pa December asilikali intensively akusasanyira. mayunitsi onse anali m'chinyumba ichi ndi ogwira komanso zida ndi zana pa zana, anapeza kuti zipolopolo 5 zipolopolo aliyense unit wa zida lolemera. Leningrad pa anatseka misewu ya anatha kupereka kutsogolo ndi zipangizo zonse zofunikira asilikali ndi manja yaing'ono. Ndipo zosokasoka yunifolomu anakopeka osati mabizinezi apadera, komanso nzika anali munthu aliyense makina osokera. Pa kumbuyo kwa sappers inalimbikitsidwa milatho alipo ndipo anamanga atsopano. Kuonetsetsa malowedwe athu kwa Neva zinamangidwa 50 makilomita misewu.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa yokonza amuna: iwo ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti nkhondo m'nyengo yozizira mu nkhalango ndi kuukira m'dera yamalinga, zida ndi mfundo amphamvu ndi pillboxes. Mu kumbuyo kwa aliyense pawiri anali anakonza polygons simulating zikhalidwe za ananena ziwembu kuukira. Pakuti yojambula zomangamanga malinga magulu wapadera kumenya zinalengedwa. ndime Minefields zinamangidwa. atsogoleri onse kwa atsogoleri a magulu a Ponena sizinkayendera mapu woyengeka zithunzi zithunzi. Regrouping amapangidwa yekha usiku kapena nyengo yoipa. Ntchito ya kutsogolo-mzere nzeru. Zakhala bwino anakhazikitsa malo kudziteteza mipherezero mdani. Akuluakulu amene anamanga nkhondo masewera. Mbali yomaliza anali kuchititsa Zochita moyo-moto. Njira chinthu kufala zabodza, ndi okhwima mobisa tagwira zipatso. mdani amadziwa kuukira anakonza masiku ochepa. Komanso kumapangitsanso malangizo woopsa wa ku Germany analibe nthawi.

Mayikidwe a magulu ankhondo

Mapangidwe wa Leningrad Front monga mbali ya 42, 55th, 67th Army unachitikira chitetezo cha mzindawo kuchokera mkati kum'mwera-kum'mawa kwa mphete pa mzere Uritsk - Kolpino, m'madera bwino-mtsinje wa Neva - Ladoga. 23 Army imachitika ntchito kumbuyo kumpoto kwa Karelian kamtunda kopita ku chilumba. Force ndege asilikali inkakhala 13 Air Army. Yojambula anatseka misewu anapereka thanki 222, ndipo 37 oti muli nazo zida. Front analamula mkulu-General L. A. Govorov. mayunitsi oyenda ndi mpweya thandizo 14-TH Air Army. akasinja 217 anali anaikira mderali. Volkhov Front analamula General K. A. Meretskov asilikali. The malangizo BREAKOUT, ntchito nkhokwe ndi ntchito regrouping, akwaniritsa ukulu wa anthu oti mu kanayi ndi theka, zida zankhondo - kasanu, akasinja - kakhumi, ndege - kawiri. Kachulukidwe mfuti mortars ndi Leningrad anakwana mayunitsi 146 pa 1 kukafika kutsogolo. Komanso amanyansidwa anakhalabe zida zankhondo Baltic zombo ndi Ladoga flotilla (88 likungosonyeza mfuti 100 mpaka 406 mm) ndi ndege zombo ndege.

Pa Volkhovsky malangizo mfuti kachulukidwe ranged ku mayunitsi 101 kwa 356 pa kilometre. Chiwerengero cha mphamvu kuponya kuchokera ku mbali zonse anafika asilikali 303 zikwi, ndi akapitao. Mdani mzindawo magulu twente-sikisi a Army 18 (Army Gulu 'North') ndi mapangidwe magulu anayi Chifinishi kumpoto. Asilikali athu yojambula wa anatseka misewu, anali nayo kuukira kwambiri zokhalamo Shlisselburgskaya-Sinyavinskaya dera limene linali kumbuyo m'zigawo zisanu, ili mazana asanu mfuti ndipo mortars. grouping Wehrmacht lamulo la General G. Lindemann.

Nkhondo Shlisselburgsky Chigawo

Usiku wa pa 11 January 12 ndege Volkhov Front ndi 13 Air Army wa Leningrad Front anali atachititsidwa mabomba chachikulu pa zolinga chisanadze akufotokozera m'dera anakonza BREAKOUT. Pa January 12, pa hafu pasiti naini m'mawa anayamba kukonzekera zida zankhondo. Shelling udindo mdani inatenga maola awiri ndi mphindi khumi. Kwa theka la ola pamaso pa gunships kuukira anaukira chitetezo yamalinga ndi mabatire zida zankhondo za ku Germany. Pa 11,00 pa 67th Army ku Neva ndi unit chachiwiri cha mantha ndi makamu chitatu wa Volkhov Front unkatchedwa zolawula. oyenda kuukira anathandiza zida zankhondo yowotcha kupanga moto kutsinde akuya kilometre wina. asilikali Wehrmacht anakaniza mwaukali Soviet oyenda inali yowawa ndi m'goli.

Pa masiku awiri a nkhondo, mtunda wa pakati pa magulu kupitirira kusanduka makilomita awiri. m'masiku asanu ndi limodzi kenako formations patsogolo ya Soviet Army anatha kulumikiza m'dera la midzi ogwira ntchito, nambala 1 ndi chiwerengero 5. January 18 Shlisselburg (Petrokrepost) mzinda anamasulidwa ndipo Achotsa mdani, onse pafupi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Ladoga m'deralo. Kachigawo kulowera dziko anapanga pa mbali zosiyana za makilomita 8 mpaka 10. Pa tsiku la kuswa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad odalirika dziko kugwirizana mzinda ndi 'kumtunda' 'linakhalanso. United Gulu 2 ndi makamu 67th anayesetsa kukhala bwino amanyansidwa ndi kukuza bridgehead kum'mwera. The Germany anakulira nkhokwe zawo. Pa January 19, masiku khumi magawo oopsa kwa lamulo German anali airlifted magulu asanu ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zida zankhondo. Tiponye m'dera Siniavino ebbed. Pofuna kusunga malire anagonjetsa asilikali anapita kumbuyo. Iwo anayamba nkhondo. Tsiku lanuli ntchito ndi 30 January.

Zotsatira za tingalimbanirane

Chifukwa cha asilikali Soviet wa Wehrmacht anali anakankhira mmbuyo ku gombe la nyanja ya Ladoga, koma mzinda kunali mu zoni kutsogolo. The yojambula wa anatseka misewu pa ntchito '' Iskra '' anasonyeza kukhwima wa asilikali mkulu lamulo lingaliro. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Adani pa malo yamalinga bwino mgwirizano kuukira olowa kuchokera kunja ndi kunja wakhala zachilendo luso zoweta nkhondo. Zachitetezo alandira zinachitikira kwambiri kuchititsa ntchito tiponye malo amenewa m'nyengo yozizira. Wogonjetsa mdani magawo chitetezo dongosolo anasonyeza kufunika kwa kukonzekera bwino kuchititsa zida zankhondo moto, komanso kayendedwe ntchito mayunitsi nkhondo.

zomvetsa pamagulu

Monga mmene wamagazi anali kumenyana, malinga ndi lipoti mungayambe ndi kuwononga. 67th ndi 13 cha Leningrad Front Army katundu anapha ndiwobvulazidwa 41,2 zikwi. Anthu, kuphatikizapo imfa irretrievable anakwana 12,4 zikwi. Anthu. Volkhov Front anataya 73,9 ndi 21,5 zikwi. Anthu ankalemekeza. magulu mdani asanu anawonongedwa. zomvetsa German analipo anthu oposa 30 zikwi, deadweight -. Anthu 13 zikwi .. Komanso, monga zikho za asilikali Soviet nawo pafupi anayi mfuti mortars, 178 mfuti za makina, mfuti 5,000, chiwiya zipolopolo, magalimoto zana ndi makumi asanu. ziwiri zatsopano akasinja katundu anagwidwa ndi T-VI "Amabereka".

chigonjetso lalikulu

Opaleshoni '' Iskra '' kuswa anatseka misewu akwaniritsa zotsatira ankafuna. Pa masiku khumi a msewu ndi njanji kutalika makilomita sate-firii ayikidwa kale pamodzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Ladoga. February 7 sitima ija inafika ku Leningrad. Linakhalanso azilandira mzinda ndi mayunitsi asilikali, ya magetsi chawonjezeka. Adapitiriza madzi. Kwambiri patsogolo zinthu za anthu wamba, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono mafakitale, ndi kugwirizana kutsogolo kwa Baltic zombo. Otsatirawa miyezi chaka ku Leningrad anasamutsidwa m'madera kumbuyo kuposa anthu wamba mazana asanu zikwi.

Kumasulidwa kwa Leningrad ku anatseka misewu mu January 1943 anali mphindi zikuluzikulu za chitetezo cha mzindawo. asilikali Soviet mderali potsiriza anagwira kanthu njira. Iwo kunatha ngozi pawiri German ndi magulu Chifinishi. January 18 - tsiku yakuswa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad - mzinda atamaliza nthawi yovuta ya kudzipatula. Bwinobwino opaleshoniyo ndi tanthauzo lalikulu maganizo kwa anthu a dziko. Osati zikuluzikulu nkhondo ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World nakokera chidwi cha osankhika a ndale a nyanja. Pulezidenti US Theodore Roosevelt anayamikira utsogoleri Soviet ndi kupambana nkhondo, ndi okhala m'mudzi anatumiza kalata, amene anavomereza ukulu wa chintchito, mphamvu zawo indomitable ndi kulimba mtima.

kuswa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad Museum

Mu mzere atasemphana anamangidwira malo achikumbutso pokumbukira zinthu zoipa ndi amunamuna a zaka. Mu 1985 m'chigawo cha m'dera pafupi ndi mudzi wa Marino Kirov linatsegulidwa diorama '' Kondwani kuzinga Leningrad. Ilo liri mu malo awa January 12, 1943 67th mayunitsi asilikali anawoloka Neva pa ayezi ndipo anagumula chitetezo cha mdani. Diorama 'yojambula Leningrad anatseka misewu' ' akuimira kupenta pa kukula mamita 40 8. Pa nsalu limasonyeza zochitika za kuukira chitetezo German. Pamaso nsalu substantive dongosolo, ndi kuya kuyambira mamita 4 mpaka 8, recreates ndi zithunzi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena za maudindo ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, ngalande kulankhulana, zida za nkhondo.

Umodzi zikuchokera zithunzi chinsalu ndi mamangidwe akuzinga amalenga zotsatira pamaso kwambiri. Pa mtsinje wa Neva ndi chipilala kuti '' adzaphwanyaphwanya anatseka misewu. Chipilala ndi thanki T-34, wokwera pa pedestal ndi. Kulimbana galimoto iri yofulumira ngati kulumikiza kwa Volkhov Front. Pa malo kutsogolo kwa nyumbayi komanso anasonyeza zida panthawi ya nkhondo.

Zochotsa yomaliza ya anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. 1944

Complete kuchotsa kuzinga mzinda okha patapita chaka chifukwa cha zikuluzikulu Leningrad-Novgorod zolawula. Asilikali a Volkhov, ndi Baltic ndi Leningrad amadzibisa anagonjetsa mphamvu yaikulu ya Army 18 wa Wehrmacht. January 27 linali tsiku lanuli kuchotsa pafupifupi 900 tsiku wazingidwa. 1943rd A chinalembedwa mu historiography ya nkhondo yachiwiri chaka cha yojambula wa anatseka misewu ya Leningrad.