Zemsky Sobor cha 1613: chisankho cha Mikhail Romanov. Ntchito ya Zemsky Sobor ku Russia

mabungwe amenewa adanyamuka Ulaya ndi ku boma Moscow. Komabe, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za zochita zawo zakhala looneka mosiyana. Mbali yoyamba msonkhano zigawo anali m'bwalolo kuti kuthetsa nkhani zandale bwalo mphamvu, mu Russia pa misonkhano imeneyi anachitira ntchito makamaka boma. Ndipotu, mfumu anadziwa zofuna za anthu wamba mwa zinthu zimenezi.

Komanso misonkhano zimenezi mwamsanga pambuyo kugwirizana kwa limati, monga ku Ulaya, ndi Muscovy, kotero kupanga chithunzi kwathunthu kwa zinthu pa dziko, thupi ili kupirira komanso zotheka.

Zemsky Sobor cha 1613, mwachitsanzo, zatenganso mbali chosintha m'mbiri ya Russia. Izo zinali ndiye anaikidwa Mikhail Romanov, amene banja analamulira dziko zaka mazana atatu. Ndipo anali mbadwa zake naye ku boma m'mbuyo kwa Zapakati kuti kutsogolo m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri.

Zemsky Sobor ku Russia

okhawo zinthu zomwe analenga munda-nthumwi mafumu, analola kuimirira ndi kukhala mabungwe monga Zemsky Sobor. 1549 chinali chabwino pa nkhani imeneyi. Ivan m'khutu akusonkhanitsa anthu ziphuphu m'deralo. chochitika unkatchedwa "Cathedral wa chiyanjanitso".

Mawu womwewo pa nthawi amatanthauza "dziko" anatipatsa chimango cha ntchito za thupi ili.

Ntchito ya Zemsky Sobor anali kukambirana nkhani zandale, zachuma ndi boma. Ndipotu, anali paubwenzi mfumu ndi anthu wamba kudutsa sefa ayenera boyars ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Ngakhale demokalase ndi sizinayende, koma zofuna za makalasi m'munsi amaona kuposa mu Europe, interspersed ndi absolutism.

Onse mfulu nawo zinthu zimenezi, kuti sikuloledwa serfs yekha. Aliyense anali woyenera kuvota, koma leni ndi chigamulo chomaliza adzakhala mwayekha.

Yoyamba Zemsky Sobor akambirane ndi chifuniro cha mfumu, ndi mphamvu ya ntchito zake mkulu zokwanira, mchitidwe umenewu likhale lolimba.

Komabe, ntchito za boma Institute nthawi anasintha malingana ndi zinthu mu dziko. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane pa mfundo iyi.

Zamoyo za udindo wa chachikulu cha Ivana Groznogo kuti Mikhail Romanov

Ngati inu mukukumbukira chinachake kuchokera kwa buku "History, kalasi 7" mosakayikira, nthawi XVI - XVII zaka wakhala umodzi wa chidwi kwambiri, ndi mfumu-mwana okupha ndi kutha nthawi ya mavuto, pamene zinthu zotsutsana mabanja osiyanasiyana wolemekezeka ndi kubwera kuchokera kosadziwika ngwazi wowerengeka monga Ivan Susanin.
Tiyeni tiwone chimene chikuchitika pa nthawi ino.

Woyamba Zemsky Sobor akambirane ndi Ioannom Groznym mu 1549. Iye anali asanakhale malangizo zonse kunachitika boma. Iwo anatenga mbali atsogoleri. Panthawi imeneyi, atsogoleri a mpingo kumvera kwathunthu mfumu ndi kutumikira anthu ambiri cinam'mwanikira.

nthawi yotsatira zikuphatikizapo mdima nthawi Mavuto. Munthu wotere pampando wachifumu Vasiliya Shuyskogo mu 1610. Iwo anali mu zaka izi, mtengo wa Zemsky Sobor zikusintha kwambiri. Tsopano iwo ali ndi lingaliro lakuti amapangitsa Woyesana latsopano mpando wachifumuwo. Kwenikweni njira ngati misonkhano nthawi adathamanga kumatsutsana ndi kulimbitsa statehood.

Siteji yotsatira inali "golide zaka" kwa bungwe la mphamvu. Activities Zemsky Sobor amaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo ndi wamkulu ntchito. Ndipotu, inali nthawi ya gulu wogwirizira wa "yamalamulo wa Tsarist Russia."
Pambuyo kuoneka kazembe okhazikika akuyamba nthawi kuchira pambuyo chiwonongeko cha boma. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi muyenera katswiri malangizo achinyamata ndi wosadziwa mfumu. Choncho, mipingo zinthu ngati thupi chenjezo. mamembala awo kuthandiza wolamulira kumvetsa nkhani zachuma ndi boma.

Mu zaka zisanu ndi zinayi kuyambira 1613, a boyars nthawi kukonza mndandanda wa asanu ndalama, kuteteza kukonzanso nkhondo ya asilikali Chipolishi Chilituyaniya ndi kubwezeretsa chuma pambuyo mavuto.

Ndi 1622 kwa zaka khumi Ine sizinachitike, palibe Cathedral lapansi. Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko ndi okhazikika, chifukwa chosowa wokha osati mu izo.

Zemsky Sobor m'zaka 17 koposa kutenga udindo wa mphamvu zolimbana m'munda wa mkati, koma mfundo maiko ena akunja. The inalowa la Ukraine, Azov, Chirasha Chipolishi Crimea Gona ndi zambiri Nkhanizi anathana ndi chida ichi.

Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, kufunika kwa zinthu ngati madontho kwambiri, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma m'malo onse. Ambiri lodziwika awiri a tchalitchi - mu 1653 ndi 1684, motero.

Mu gawo loyamba la Moscow State azitenga Zaporozhye asilikali, ndipo mu 1684 anali kusonkhana lomaliza. Iwo anaganiza tsogolo la Commonwealth.
Nkhani itha ndi Zemsky Sobor. Kwambiri kuti lamuloli Peter Wamkulu kukhazikitsa absolutism mu boma.
Koma tiyeni tione pa zochitika za mmodzi wa aang'ono zofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Russia.

Background wa tchalitchi mu 1613

Atamwalira Fedora Ioannovicha mu Russia anadza Nthawi ya Mavuto. Iye anali womaliza pa ana a Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. abale ake anaphedwa kale. Wamkulu, John, monga asayansi amati, anagwa m'manja wa atate wake, ndi wamng'ono, Dmitri, anatayika mu Uglich. Iye ngoziyi akufa, koma mfundo zoona za imfa yake kumeneko.

Choncho, chisokonezo akuyamba ndi 1598. Zonse kulamulira dziko Irina, mkazi wa Fedora Ioannovicha ndi Boris Godunov. Pafupi ndi mpando anapita kukacheza ndi mwana wa Boris, Theodore, Lzhedmitry woyamba ndi Vasiliy Shuysky.

Izi ndi nyengo za kuchepa zachuma, chisokonezo ndi kuwukira wa makamu oyandikana. Mu kumpoto, mwachitsanzo, kusamalira asilikali a Sweden. Mu boma la Russia, mothandizidwa ndi anthu a Moscow, analowa asilikali Polish kutsogoleredwa ndi Vladislav, mwana wa Sigismund III, Mfumu ya Poland ndi Grand Duke la Lithuania.

Likukhalira, m'ma 17 unachita maganizo m'mbiri ya Russia. Zimene zinachitika mu dziko, anthu amakakamizidwa kuti abwere ndi cholinga chimodzi kuti amuchotsepo chipwirikiticho. Iwo akufuna kutulutsa awiri onyenga Kremlin. The choyamba - motsogozedwa Lyapunov Zarutsky ndi Trubetskoy, ndipo chachiwiri kutsogoleredwa ndi Minin ndi Pozharsky.

Iwo likukhalira kuti convening wa Zemsky Sobor mu 1613 chinali chabe mosalephera. Ngati sikudali ngati zinthu zinasintha, yemwe akudziwa chimene chikanakhala nkhani, ndipo kodi zinthu mu dziko lero.

Choncho, 1612, Pozharsky ndi Minin anatsogolera asilikali anthu anathamangitsa asilikali Chipolishi Chilituyaniya ku likulu. prerequisites zonse zinalengedwa ndi kukhazikitsa bata m'dzikoli.

akuitanira

Monga tikudziwa, Zemsky Sobor m'zaka za m'ma 17 anali mchitidwe boma (monga kuyenera kwa uzimu). Adziko mphamvu malangizo, zomwe zikufanana kwambiri ntchito za bungwe Asilavo, pamene chirichonse adasonkhana mtundu wa ufulu amuna ndi kusankha nkhani zofunika.

Izi zisanachitike, woyamba Zemsky Sobor mu 1549 akali olowa. Iwo anali nawo oimira mpingo ndiponso aboma. Kenako okha Metropolitan anachita ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo.

Izi ndi zimene zinachitika mu October 1612 pamene, pambuyo athamangitsidwe wa asilikali Chipolishi Chilituyaniya amene wotanganidwa boma la Russia mtima mwa likulu, anayamba kutsogolera dziko mu dongosolo. Ankhondo a Rzeczpospolita, lomwe wotanganidwa Moscow, anali lithe chifukwa cha chakuti hetman Khotkevich anasiya kuchirikiza ake. Mu Poland, ife kale anazindikira kuti zimenezi mwamsanga, iwo sangapambane.

Choncho, pambuyo kukolola kwa onse akunja agwilitse mphamvu kunali kofunikira kukhazikitsa yachibadwa mphamvu. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iwo anatumiza mithenga kwa m'mbali zonse ndi parishi ndi pempholo kuti agwirizane anthu osankhidwa ku bungwe ambiri mu Moscow.

Komabe, chifukwa chakuti State adakali bwinja ndipo chinali bata kwambiri, nzika anatha pokhapokha mwezi umodzi. Choncho, Zemsky Sobor mu 1613 akambirane pa January 6.

Malo okhawo amene akanakhoza malo ogona anthu onse amene anabwera anali Cathedral wa Akukwera mu boma la Russia. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwawo okwana ali ku mazana asanu kwa anthu zikwi.

ofuna

Zotsatira za milu amenewa mu dziko anali ambiri, anthu amene akufuna kukhala pa mpando wachifumu. Kuwonjezera wakale Russian mabanja kalonga, anagwirizana mtundu masankho m'mayiko ena olamulira. Mbadwo Wotsirizira Mwachitsanzo, anali Swedish zipsera Karl ndi mkulu wa Commonwealth Vladislav. Yotsirizira alibe manyazi chakuti iye anali chabe mwezi wapitawo kuzimitsa a boma la Russia.

Russian kudziwa, ngakhale, ndipo wapereka asiya uphungu wake kwa Zemsky Sobor cha 1613, kulemera wapadera pamaso pa anthu analibe. Tiyeni tiwone amene oimira mabanja Kalonga kuzifuna mphamvu.

Shuiskys monga mbadwa odziŵika a Rurik mafumu, ndithudi, sankakayikira ndithu chigonjetso. Koma vuto limene iwo, napeza okha zikufanana Godunov adzabwezera zapitazi olakwa amene anagonjetsa makolo awo, anali amphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, mpata kuwina anali tizilembo timeneti, monga ambiri omwe adzaponye chisanko anali ubale ndi iwo amene akanatha anakhudzidwa ndi olamulira latsopano.

Kurakins, Mstislavsky ndi akalonga ena amene kamodzi anathandizana ndi Ufumu wa Poland ndi Duchy la Lithuania, ndipo anachititsa pofuna kuti agwirizane boma, alephera. Anthu iwo simukhululukira kuperekedwa.

Golitsyn akanakhoza bwino bwino kulamulira Moscow ufumu, ngati iwo si amphamvu kwambiri woimira kuvutika mu ukapolo ku Poland.

Vorotynskys osati amasiyana kale zoipa, koma zifukwa chinsinsi cha phungu awo, Ivan Mikhailovich, akadandaule chifukwa cha kukana. Baibulo la sachita mu "bungwe la zisanu ndi ziwiri" imatengedwa kukhala ndithu kwambiri.

Ndipo potsiriza, saizi yabwino zophwanya ntchito - Pozharsky ndi Trubetskoy. Mfundo iwo akhoza kuwina, kuyambira wolemekezeka okha pa mavuto, athamangisa Chipolishi Chilituyaniya asilikali likulu. Komabe, iye anawatsogolera iwo, pamaso pa anthu otchuka m'dera, osati zopambana kwambiri pedigree. Komanso, zikuchokera kwa Zemsky Sobor sanatsatire adawopa wotsatira "kuyeretsedwa" bungwe la anthu asanu ndi awiri amene ali ayenera kuyamba ntchito ndale akanatha oyenera awa.

Choncho, likukhalira kuti kunali koyenera kuti tipeze sankadziwika, koma si mbadwa wolemekezeka wa banja kalonga, anatsogolera dziko.

zolinga Official

Asayansi ambiri amachita chidwi ndi nkhaniyi. Ndi nthabwala - kudziwa zoona zenizeni za zochitika pa mapangidwe maziko a Russian statehood amakono!
Pamene mbiri ya Zemsky Sobor, anthu anatha pamodzi kupanga zosankha kwambiri zolondola.

Malinga ndi mbiri ya Protocol, chosankha choyamba cha anthu chinali zosiyana pa mndandanda ofuna pofunsira onse achilendo. Ngakhale Vladislav kapena Swedish Korolevich Karl tsopano iwo sakanakhoza nawo "mtundu".

Chotsatira ndi kusankha phungu wa olemekezeka m'deralo. Vuto yaikulu inali ambiri a iwo kusweka pa zaka khumi zapitazi.

Semiboyarshina nawo mu chiwembu cha, mothandizidwa ndi asilikali Swedish ndi Polish-Chilituyaniya - zonsezi kwakukulukulu ankaimba ndi opita.

Malinga ndi zikalata, pamapeto wina kunangotsala, zomwe sitinatchule pamwamba. Munthu uyu akhali wa dzindza ya Ioanna Groznogo. Iye anali mwana wa mchimwene wa otsiriza yovomerezeka Tsar Feodor Ivanovich.

Choncho, kusankha kwa Mikhail Romanov anali njira yoyenera kwambiri pamaso pa adzaponye chisanko kwambiri. Vuto lokha kupanda otchuka. banja lake anachokera ku fuko lomveka wa Prussian kalonga Andrei atsala pang'ono.

Kenako tikambirana zinthu zimene zinachititsa kuti pamapeto wotchuka padziko nkhani.

Baibulo loyamba la zochitika

m'ma 17 m'mbiri ya Russia anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Izo kwa nthawi uwu, tidziwa mayina monga Minin ndi Pozharsky, Troubetzkoy, Godunov, Shuisky, Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry, Susanin, ndi ena.

Inali pa nthawi iyi, chifuniro cha tsoka, kapena mwina chala cha Mulungu, koma nthaka unakhazikitsidwa tsogolo la ufumuwo. Ngati si kwa Cossacks, monga ife kukambirana patsogolo pang'ono, kalekale, osalephera, zikanakhala chosiyana.

Choncho, zinthu zimene zingatipindulitse anali Mikhail Romanov?

Malinga ndi Baibulo boma, anafotokozedwa ndi azambiriyakale ambiri otchuka monga Tcherepnin, Degtyarev ndi ena, pali zifukwa zingapo.

Choyamba, wodandaulayu anali wamng'ono kwambiri ndiponso osadziwa zambiri. osadziwa yake m'zochitika anthu kuti asokonezeka boyars kukhala "makadinala imvi" mu udindo wa aphungu kukhala mafumu enieni.

Chinthu chachiwiri chinali nkhani ya bambo ake zochitika okhudzana Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Kuti ndi defectors onse kuchokera Tushino sanathe mantha kubwezera kapena chilango sostorony mfumu yatsopano.

Komanso, mabishopu, Filaret, bambo ake, anali ndi ulamuliro mu moyo wauzimu wa ufumu Moscow, ndi mchitidwe umenewu ambiri amapereka nomination lapansi.

Pofunsira zonse yekha mtundu uwu unali zing'onozing'ono kugwirizana ndi Commonwealth pa "bungwe la zisanu ndi ziwiri", kotero kukonda kwambiri dziko lawo la anthu nakhuta kwathunthu. Ena kungakhale: mwini banja Ivana Kality, pokhala munthu wauzimu za udindo waukulu pakati pa abale ndi, Oprichnina mdani komanso achinyamata ndi "povadno" monga anafotokoza Sheremet. Nazi zinthu, malinga ndi Baibulo boma la zochitika kutengera ulamuliro wa Mikhail Romanov.

Baibulo chachiwiri a tchalitchi

Otsutsa ndikukhulupirira cholinga chachikulu chisankho cha phungu anatchula mfundo zotsatirazi. Sheremet'ev ndithu kwambiri kuzifuna mphamvu, koma njira yoyenera akhoza sangafikire chifukwa cha mitundu wamba. Polingalira zimenezi, kodi tingaphunzire chiyani pa nkhani (kalasi 7), iye anayamba ndi modabwitsa mwakhama Kukwezeleza Mikhail Romanov. Kwa iye, zonse zopindulitsa, chifukwa anasankha linali losavuta, unsophisticated mnyamata kuchokera m'zigawo. Iye ankadziwa kanthu za boma lina lililonse, kwa moyo kulikonse mzinda, palibe intrigue.

Ndipo amene adzakhala oyamikira chifukwa wopereka ndi amene amamvetsera woyamba pankhani zofunika? Kumene, anthu amene anathandiza kuti atenge mpandowachifumu.

Chifukwa cha ntchito ya fuko lomveka izi, ambiri a omwe anasonkhana pa Zemsky Sobor mu 1613 akhala okonzeka kutenga "Chabwino" chisankho. Koma china chake chalakwika. Ndipo zotsatira woyamba wa voti anati yosagwira 'chifukwa cha pakalibe adzaponye chisanko ambiri. "

Voti zikuluzikulu ndi kunditumiza ku milungu itatu zisanachitike. Ndipo pa nthawi iyi pali zambiri zochitika zofunika magulu awiriwa otsutsa.

Boyars amene ankatsutsa ndi candidacy zimenezi, anapanga pofuna kuchotsa Romanov. Chipolishi Chilituyaniya detachment wa asilikali anatumizidwa kuthetsa akunyoza osafunika. Koma mfumu ya m'tsogolo opulumutsidwa pamaso samveka wamba Ivan Susanin. Iye anayamba alonda ku chithaphwi, kumene bwinobwino ndipo anawonongeka (pamodzi ndi ngwazi yadziko).

Shuya komanso deploys ndi ntchito yosiyaniranapo kutsogolo. Iye abwera kukhudzana ndi ataman wa Cossacks. Akukhulupirira kuti mphamvu zatenganso mbali yaikulu ya inalowa la Mikhail Romanov.

Kumene, sayenera angasokoneze udindo wa Zemsky Sobor Komabe, popanda yogwira komanso mwachangu zochita za magulu amenewa adzakhale mfumu chiyani kwenikweni nawo mwayi. Kuti iwo kwenikweni kukakamiza anamuika iye pa mpando wachifumu. Izi kufotokoza pansipa.

Ulendo omaliza kuteteza chigonjetso cha boyars ndi Romanov anakhala njira zake kwa anthu, titero, "Mkwatibwi." Komabe, malinga ndi zolembedwa, Shuya akhagopa kulephera, chifukwa chakuti Michael anali munthu wophweka ndi osaphunzira. Iye akanakhoza asamakhulupirire yokha ngati wayamba kusunga adzaponye chisanko cha. N'chifukwa chake anatenga mwakhama komanso mwachangu kanthu.

Chifukwa Cossacks atalowererapo?

Ambiri mwina chifukwa cha ntchito yogwira Shuya ndi pafupi kulephera kwa kampani yake, komanso chifukwa kufuna boyars "mwachinyengo wakunyengeza" ndi Cossacks, zochitika izi zinachitika.

Mtengo wa Zemsky Sobor, ndithudi, kwambiri, koma mphamvu ndewu ndi chakuthengo zambiri aluso. Ndipotu, panali semblance a asilikali ake pa Zima Palace pa mapeto a February 1613.

Cossacks anathyola m'nyumba acimuuza kuti Metropolitan lachiweruzo anthu zokambirana. Iwo anagwirizana akhafuna kuona mfumu yawo Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, "munthu muzu blagodobrogo ndi makampani wabwino ndi mtundu wa ulemu."
Mantha wansembe wotchedwa boyars, ndi kuthamanga anali pamodzi anaganiza pa inalowa a phungu.

Cathedral lumbiro

Ndi kwenikweni protocol kuti munamutcha Zemsky Sobor mu Russia. kabukuka zoterozo chikalata nthumwi nampereka wachiwiri wa March mu Kolomna adzakhale mfumu ndi mayi ake. Monga Michael panthawi imeneyo anali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha, n'zosadabwitsa kuti iye ndi mantha ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakana kupita kumpando wachifumu.

Komabe, ofufuza ena amati nthawi kuti ndithudi anali pambuyo kukonza, monga pa tchalitchi lumbiro kwenikweni akubwereza chikalata kuwerenga Borisu Godunovu. "Kuvomereza anthu pa ganizo la kudzichepetsa ndi kupembedza kwa mfumu yawo."

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, Michael atakhulupirira. Ndipo iye amabwera ku likulu, kumene anavekedwa pa July 11 chaka chomwecho, wachiwiri May 1613.

Choncho, ife anakumana ndi amenewa wapadera ndi ndigwira pang'ono kokha anaphunzira chodabwitsa m'mbiri ya boma Russian, monga Zemsky Sobor. Chinthu chachikulu kuti lero imalongosola zodabwitsazi - kusiyana lofunika ku Komiti. Ziribe kanthu momwe iwo ankawonekera, koma mfundo ndi zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, Komiti anali m'derali ndipo tchalitchi - boma. Kachiwiri, woyamba ali ndi mphamvu zonse, pamene yotsirizira anali akadali kuposa thupi chenjezo.