Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Zaka mfundo za boma

Mikhail Fedorovich anakhala woyamba Russian tsar wa Romanov mafumu. Kumapeto kwa February 1613 anasankhidwa wolamulira wa ufumu ku Russian Zemsky Sobor. Anakhala mfumu osati generic cholowa, osati mwa kulanda mphamvu, osati anasankha yekha. Mikhail Fedorovich anasankhidwa ndi Mulungu ndi anthu, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo anali ndi zaka 16 zokha. ulamuliro wake anali ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri. Mikhail Fedorovich monga tsoka anali kulimbana ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma komanso azandale: dziko kunja kwa chipwirikiti chimene anali pambuyo mavuto, kukweza ndi kulimbikitsa chuma, kusunga gawo la lawo la, zokhadzulakhadzula. Koma chinthu chachikulu - kugwira ndi kukonza nyumba ya Romanov pampando wachifumu Russian.

Romanov mafumu. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov

Banja Romanov ndi Boyar Fedora Nikiticha, amene anadzakhala mabishopu, Filaret, ndi Xenia Ivanovna (Shestova), July 12, 1596 anabereka mwana wamwamuna. Anamutchula Michael. Romanov banja anali pachibale ndi mafumu Rurikovich ndipo anali wolemera kwambiri ndi odziwika ndi. mabanja Izi boyar anali wotchuka chachikulu, osati mbali kumpoto ndi pakati pa Russia, komanso pa Don ndi mu Ukraine. Poyamba, Michael ndi makolo ake mu Moscow, koma 1601 banja adagwa asayanjidwe ndi chinaperekedwa ku manyazi. Kulamulira pamene Boris Godunov anauzidwa kuti Romanovs kukonzekera chiwembu ndipo akufuna kumupha mothandizidwa ndi kum'soŵetsa mtendere matsenga. Kuphedwa anatsatira yomweyo - ambiri a banja Romanov anamangidwa. Mu June 1601 pa msonkhano wa pa Boyar Duma chigamulo anali: Fedor Nikitich ndi abale ake: Alexander, Michael, Vasily ndi Ivan - ayenera kuthi asalandidwe malo, akukakamizidwa kudula mmonke, ukapolo ku ndende malo osiyana kutali likulu. Fedor Nikitich ananditumiza Anthony wa Siya ansembe yotchedwa, limene lili mu kopanda, n'kopanda, 165 kutali Angelo, pa mtsinje Dvina mmwamba. Kumeneko atate wake Mikhail Fedorovich nakonza mu Chimonko dzina Filaret. Mayi wa autocrat m'tsogolo, Xenia Ivanovna, mlandu mogwirizana ndi chotsutsana ndi ufumu ndi ku ukapolo m'chigawo Novgorod, mu Tol-Egoryevsky manda a Vazhitskomu obisika. Apa tsitsi lake kudula sisitere dzina lake Marita, ndipo anamangidwa mu nyumba yaing'ono, atazunguliridwa ndi mpanda mkulu.

Akulumikiza Mikhail Fedorovich kuti Byelozero

Little Michael, amene analipo pa nthawi imeneyo m'chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi, ukapolo pamodzi ndi mlongo wake zaka zisanu ndi zitatu Tatyana Fedorovna ndi azakhali, Marfoyu Nikitichnoy Cherkassky, Ulyanoy Semenovoy ndi Anastasia Nikitichna pa Beloozero. Uko, mnyamata anakulira m'mabanja wankhanza kwambiri, zakudya m'thupi, ndi mavuto ndi wadzaoneni. Mu 1603, Boris Godunov pansi chiganizo n'kulola Michael mayi, Martha Ivanovna, inu ana Beloozero. A nthawi yochepa autocrat analola kuti asamukire akapolowo chigawo Yuriev-Polsky, m'mudzi wa Klin - mbadwa fiefdom Romanovs. Mu 1605, anagwira mphamvu Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Ine, pofuna kutsimikizira zimakhalira pachibale awo ndi dzina Romanov anabwerera ku Moscow opulumuka nthumwi zake kuchokera ku ukapolo, kuphatikizapo banja la Michael, ndi mwini. Fedor Nikitich anapatsidwa Rostov archdiocese.

Smoot. Boma la kuzinga mu Moscow, mfumu ya m'tsogolo

Pa mavuto kuchokera 1606 kwa zaka 1610, malamulo Vasiliy Shuysky. Nthawi imeneyi zochitika zambiri zochititsa chidwi chinachitika mu Russia. Kuphatikizapo anaonekera ndipo ndinakulira kayendedwe "akuba", wamba kugalukira, chimene chinapangitsa I. Bolotnikov. Patapita nthawi, iye teamed ndi wonamizira latsopano, "Tushino" Onyenga wotchedwa Dmitry II. Polish alowererepo anayamba. Commonwealth asilikali analanda Smolensk. Boyars Shuisky anagwetsedwa kuchokera kumpando wachifumu chifukwa chakuti iye mopupuluma anapangana ndi Sweden Vyborg mgwirizano. Mu pangano limeneli, asilikali a Sweden anavomera kuthandiza Russia nkhondo wotchedwa Dmitry Zabodza, ndi kubwerera analandira Kola Peninsula. Mwatsoka, mapeto a mgwirizano Vyborg sanali kupulumutsa Russia - Zitsulo anagonjetsa Chirasha Swedish asilikali kunkhondo Klushinskoy ndipo anatsegula yokha njira Moscow. Pa nthawi iyi, boyars, akuthamanga dziko, chikalata okhulupirika kwa mwana wa mfumu ya Commonwealth Sigismund, Vladislav. Dziko ng'ambidwa m'magulu awiri. Mu nthawi ya zaka kuyambira 1610 mpaka 1613 ya odana Polish chiwembu anthu wauka. Mu 1611 inakhalapo asilikali motsogozedwa Lyapunov, koma anagonja pa mzinda wa Moscow. Mu 1612 amalenga asilikali chachiwiri. Iwo ankapita ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Pozharsky ndi Kuzma Minin. M'chaka mochedwa 1612 kunali nkhondo yoopsa, amene anali kulamulidwa ndi asilikali Russian. Hetman Chodkiewicz kuloŵa Vorobiev mapiri. Pakutha October asilikali Russian adapereka Moscow ku Poland mizu izo, kuyembekezera thandizo kuchokera Sigismund. boyars Russian, kuphatikizapo Mikhail Fedorovich ndi mayi wake Marita, anagwidwa ndi kuzunzidwa njala ndi njala, anali anamasulidwa.

Anafuna kupha wa Fyodor Mikhailovich

Patapita kuzinga mwakhama Moscow, Mikhail Fedorovich anapita Kostroma fiefdom. Apa, Mfumu yam'tsogolo pang'ono kuphedwa pa manja a gulu la Zitsulo amene anakhala Railway-Borovsky obisika ndi kufunafuna njira Domnino. Spas wa Mikhail Fedorovich wamba Ivan Susanin, amene anadzipereka kusonyeza akuba njira mfumu ya m'tsogolo ndipo anawatsogolera ku mbali ina, kwa zithaphwi. A mfumu ya m'tsogolo anabisala mu obisika wa Yusupov. Ivan Susanin anazunzidwa, koma iye sanali kuulula malo a Romanov. Ndicho ubwana zovuta ndi unyamata anali mfumu ya m'tsogolo, yemwe ali ndi zaka 5, anali amapunthidwirapo kwa makolo awo ndi moyo ndi bambo a mayi akewo anakhala wamasiye, akumana ndi mavuto kudzipatula kwa dziko lakunja, tinkadziwa kuzinga ndi njala.

Zemsky Sobor 1613 chisankho cha Mikhail Fedorovich

Pambuyo athamangitsidwe wa ankhondowo boyars ndi asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Prince Pozharsky anali anasankha kusankha mfumu yatsopano. February 7, 1613 pa chisankho kuyambirira kwa unango wakuveka Galich akufuna mtimayo mwana wake Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich. Ofuna zonse zimakhalira pachibale anali pafupi kwambiri kwa banja Rurik. M'mizinda ambiri anatumiza amithenga kupeza maganizo a anthu. February 21, 1613 chisankho chomaliza inachitika. Anthu anaganiza: "Kukhala mwayekha Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov." Ndi lingaliro ili, ndi projectile ofesi ya kazembe kumawadziwitsa chisankho cha Mikhail Romanov tsar. March 14, 1613 akazembe, limodzi ndi chionetsero ndi, anafika Ipatiev ansembe yotchedwa ndi kumenyedwa zikope sisitere Martha. Long zokopa potsiriza kukubereka, ndi Mihail Fedorovich Romanov anavomera kukhala mfumu. 2 Only May 1613 angakwaniritse zazikulu wapadera khomo Moscow mwayekha - pamene, mu maganizo ake, likulu, ndipo boma la Russia anali wokonzeka kuchita izo. July 11 anavekedwa mu ulamuliro wa mfumu yatsopano - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Mwambo wapadera unachitikira Mfundo Cathedral.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Mfumu

Mikhail Fedorovich anatenga impso ong'ambika, kuwonongedwa ndi zatha dziko. Pa mavuto anthu anafunika chabe autocrat ngati - wowolowa manja, wokongola, wofatsa, wokoma mtima, ndi wowolowa manja nthawi yomweyo khalidwe la moyo. Nzosadabwitsa kuti anthu anamutcha Iye "modekha." Umunthu wa mfumu kunathandiza kulimbitsa mphamvu ya Romanovs. M'banja Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha m'chiyambi cha ulamuliro wake, umalimbana kubwezeretsa dongosolo mu dziko. yofunika kwambiri kuchotsa magulu a brigands rampaging kulikonse. Ndi mtsogoleri Cossack Ivan Zarutsky anachita nkhondo yeniyeni, mpaka pamene mu adani a akaidi komanso kuphedwa wotsatira. mavuto pachimake osauka a. Mu 1613, kufalitsa m'mayiko onse funika yakhala ikuchitidwa.

Zofunika njira zochita - ndi osayanjanitsika ndi Sweden

Lina Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha anali anaikira pa mapeto a armistice ndi Sweden ndi kuchotsa nkhondo ndi Poland. Mu 1617 iye anali chokongoletsedwa Stolbovsky mgwirizano. chikalata ichi yatha nkhondo ndi Sweden, womwe unatenga zaka zitatu. Tsopano m'mayiko Novgorod anagawanika pakati pa Ufumu Russian (anabweza mumzinda: Veliky Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa ndi Sumerskaya dera) ndi Ufumu wa Sweden (iye ali Ivangorod, Koporje, chilazi, Korela, Oreshek, Neva). Komanso, Moscow anayenera kulipira ndalama zofunika kwambiri za Sweden - 20 zikwi rubles siliva. Stolbovsky dziko anadula dziko ndi nyanja ya Baltic, koma kwa Moscow womaliza osayanjanitsika izi kupitiriza nkhondo awo ndi Poland.

Akamaliza Chirasha Polish nkhondo. Kubweranso kwa mabishopu, Filaret

Chirasha Polish nkhondo unatha, ndi mosiyanasiyana bwino, kuyambira 1609. Mu 1616 magulu mdani, lotsogoledwa ndi Wladyslaw Vasa ndi hetman Yanom Hodkevichem, inaukila gawo Russian, pofuna kuletsa wachifumu wa Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Izo zikhoza kufika okha Mozhaisk, komwe inaimitsidwa. Kuyambira 1618 kuti asilikali analowa asilikali a Chiyukireniya Cossacks Hetman P. Sahaidachny mutu. mphamvu olowa iwo anadzasokoneza wa Moscow, koma zinalephereka. asilikali Polish anabwerera ndipo anakakhala pafupi Utatu-Sergio obisika. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, magulu anavomera kukambirana ndi armistice ndi yosainidwa m'mudzi Deulina December 11, 1618, imene inatha Chirasha Polish nkhondo. Terms of mgwirizano anali akumane, koma boma la Russia anavomera kulandira iwo kuti asiye kusakhazikika mkati ndi kumanganso dziko. Mu mgwirizano, Russia lags kumbuyo Rzeczpospolita Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk ndiponso mizinda ina. Komanso pa nkhani ya izo anavomera kusinthitsa akaidi. July 1, 1619 pa mtsinje Polyanovka ankapatsana akaidi ndi Filaret, bambo mfumu atabwerera kunyumba. Patapita nthawi, iye anadzozedweratu mabishopu.

Diarchy. The mwanzeru za mafumu awiri a dziko lapansi Russian

Ufumu Russian udzakhazikitsidwa otchedwa mphamvu wapawiri. Pamodzi ndi atate wake, mbadwa Mikhail Fedorovich anayamba kulamulira. Iye, monga mfumu, anapatsidwa udindo wa "wolamulira wamkulu". Mu zaka 28, Mikhail Fedorovich anakwatira Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky. Koma patapita chaka anamwalira. Kachiwiri, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich anakwatira Evdokii Lukyanovne Streshnevoy. M'zaka za ukwati mkaziyo anam'berekera ana khumi. Ambiri, Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha ndi Filaret wakhala umalimbana ndi centralization mphamvu, ndi kubwezeretsa chuma, ndi kudzaza zopereka. Mu June 1619 anaganiza kuti bwinja misonkho m'dziko adzatengedwa ndi sentinel kapena cadastres. Anaganiza kuchita anthu kalembera kachiwiri kukhazikitsa kukula yeniyeni revenues msonkho. M'dera yatumizidwa alembi ndi dozorschiki. Mu ulamuliro wa Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova kusintha dongosolo msonkho yolemba mabuku mlembi opangidwa kawiri. Kuyambira 1620 m'munda anasankhidwa mwa abwanamkubwa ndi akulu, ndi kusunga dongosolo.

kubwezeretsa Moscow

Mu ulamuliro wa Mikhail Fedorovich pang'onopang'ono anabwezeretsa likulu ndiponso mizinda ina, adzawonongedwa pa mavuto. Mu 1624 linamangidwa Stone chihema ndi chidwi wotchi pa Spasskaya nsanja ndi belfry anamanga Filaret. M'zaka 1635-1636 zinamangidwa mwala nyumba ya mfumu ndi ana ake m'malo mwa mtengo wakale. mipingo 15 zamangidwa pa dera la Nicholas kwa Spassky Chipata. Kuwonjezera kumanganso midzi imene inawonongedwa, mfundo Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova anali umalimbana ukapolo zina osauka a. Mu 1627, lamulo analengedwa kuti analola anthu olemekezeka awo bequeath dziko (mfumu tinkakonda kuchita izi). Komanso ya asanu akazitape wamba wothawa, umene 1637 anawonjezera kuti zaka 9, ndipo mu 1641-mamita - kwa zaka 10.

Kujambula regiments asilikali watsopano

An ntchito yofunika ya Mikhail Romanov anali cholengedwa wa gulu zonse zadziko. Mu 30 ntchentche. XVII m'ma panali "maalumali wa m'dongosolo latsopano." Mwa iwo unalembedwa ana boyars 'ndi mfulu, ndi alendo anali analandira chifukwa udindo wa alonda. Mu 1642 anayamba kuphunzitsa yachilendo anthu ankhondo tithe. Komanso, iwo anayamba kupanga Reitarska asilikali ndi apakavalo dragoon regiments. Komanso osankhidwa awiri Moscow regiments zinalengedwa, amene anadzatchedwa Lefortovo ndi Butyrsky (ku midzi, yomwe inali).

chitukuko makampani

Kuwonjezera pa chilengedwe cha asilikali, mfumu Mihail Fedorovich Romanov anayesetsa kukhala zamanja zosiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. boma linali kuitana pa opanga yachilendo (prospectors, oyambitsa, gunsmiths) pa mawu yabwino. Mu Moscow, ndi kuthetsa German linakhazikitsidwa, komwe ankakhala ndi ntchito ngati katswiri ndipo nkhondo yachilendo. Mu 1632 chomera kwa akuponya mitima ndi mfuti pafupi Tula inamangidwa. Kukulitsa ndi makampani nsalu: Velvet pabwalo anatsegula mu Moscow. Pali zinachitikadi maphunziro veleveti choncho. Mu Kadashevskaya Sloboda anapezerapo opanga nsalu.

m'malo mapeto

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov anamwalira ali ndi zaka 49. Izo zinachitika July 12, 1645. The chifukwa cha ntchito zake boma anali bata boma, kukwiya Mavuto kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu centralized, chuma, kulimbikitsa, kubwezeretsa chuma, malonda ndi malonda. Mu ulamuliro wa Romanov woyamba anasiya nkhondo ndi Sweden ndi Poland, ndi kuwonjezera, Gona zamtendere ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya akhazikitsidwa.