The United States m'zaka za m'ma 20: ndale, chuma ndi anthu

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, America sanalinso Republic mwachangu kumenyera ufulu wawo ndi kupulumuka. Iwo akhoza yodziwika monga mmodzi wa yaikulu komanso ambiri otukuka mitundu ya dziko. Kunja ndi mkati lamulo la USA m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinali zochokera chilakolako ndi chikhumbo chofuna kutenga malo otchuka kwambiri m'bwalolo dziko. boma ndi wokonzeka kuchita aakulu ndi zoopsa kwa otsogolera osati zachuma komanso ndale.

Lumbiro 1901 anabweretsa wina unelected ndi wamng'ono pulezidenti - 43- zaka Teodor Ruzvelt. Atangofika ku White House chinachitikira ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano, osati mu US komanso mbiri ya dziko, wolemera mu mavuto ndi nkhondo.

M'nkhani ino ife tinena za peculiarities wa citukuko ca USA mu zaka za m'ma 20, mbali yaikulu ya malamulo zoweta ndi achilendo, vuto la zachuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Utsogoleli wa Theodore Roosevelt: ndale zoweta

Roosevelt, pa lumbiro la pulezidenti, wapatsa anthu ake lonjezo adzapitiriza ndondomeko zoweta ndi achilendo malinga ndi malamulo a kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, McKinley, amene anali chisoni anaphedwa ndi manja a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Ankaganiza kuti kukhwima nkhawa chikhalidwe za adalira ndi kuphangira sizinatheke ndipo makamaka analikodi, ndipo anakayikira kufunika malamulo alionse wokhazikitsidwa ndi boma. Mwina zimenezi chifukwa chakuti mnzake wapamtima wa Pulezidenti anali mtsogoleri wa mabungwe otchuka.

Mofulumira kwambiri kutukula ya US m'zaka za m'ma 20, kenako njira ya zofooka zachilengedwe kupikisana pamsika, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. The kusakhutira ya misa amachititsa kukula kwa ziphuphu ndi kuchuluka kwa kuphangira ndale ndi chuma cha boma. Theodore Roosevelt akuyesetsa yake n'chongoletsa nkhawa kukula. Iye anachita zimenezi kuukira ambiri ziphuphu ku makampani akuluakulu ndiponso anathandiza kubweretsa chilungamo amadalira munthu ndi kuphangira, anayambitsa Kuthi malamulo zochokera analandira mu 1890 Act ya Sherman. The kusanthula mwachita kampani ali ndi ndalama ndipo anapezeka pansi mayina atsopano. Panali flurry wa wamakono wa United States. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, limati alandira kale maonekedwe a bizinesi makampani mu maonekedwe ake powerenga.

Pulezidenti Theodore Roosevelt analowa mbiri ya USA ngati owolowa manja kwambiri. Kake sanathe kuthetsa nkhanza aliyense wa okhawo ndi kuonjezera mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu, ngakhale gululi ogwira ntchito. Koma ntchito kunja kwa dziko chinali chiyambi cha kufutukuka yotakata m'bwalolo ndale padziko lonse.

ntchito za boma chuma ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe

Chuma US mu mochedwa 19 ndi m'ma 20, anatenga mbali ya bizinesi tingachipeze powerenga mgwirizano umene popanda malamulo aliyense anayamba ntchito yawo amadalira akuluakulu owona. Iwo asagwiritse mpikisano zachilengedwe msika ndi pafupifupi imawonongeka ndi mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga. Anatengera mu 1890, Act Sherman anali pabwino monga "hayala ufulu mafakitale" Koma izo anakhudzidwa ndi malire ndipo nthawi zambiri anamasulira zosayenera. mabungwe mayesero ukugwira kuti kuphangira, ndipo ogwira ntchito wamba kuponya anali ankamuona ngati "chiwembu kuchepetsa ufulu wochita malonda."

Chifukwa cha kukula chikhalidwe cha US m'zaka za m'ma 20, ali ku mbali ya kukulitsa lochitira (kulekana) wa kampani, malo a ku America wamba anakhala zoopsa. Iwo kukula kusakhutira ndi likulu makampani mwa alimi ogwira ntchito, ophunzira pang'onopang'ono. Iwo ndikutsutsa okhawo ndi kuwaona monga kuukira moyo ambiri. Zonsezi zimathandiza kuti gulu ambiri odana ndi kusakhulupilika, limodzi ndi Ntchitoyi chodziwa zilumikizano za malonda ndi akumenya mosalekeza chitetezo chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zofunikira za "updating" ndondomeko ndi zachuma ayamba kuwomba osati misewu komanso zipani (Democratic ndi Republican). Anatuluka ngati chitsutso, pang'onopang'ono iwo mumpanda maganizo a osankhika akulamulira, zomwe mapeto kusintha mfundo za m'banja.

zochita malamulo

US chitukuko m'mbuyo m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 20, chofunika chikhazikitso cha zochita zina ndi mutu wa boma. Maziko a otchedwa dziko latsopano wakhala lamulo la Theodore Roosevelt kukuza mphamvu ya pulezidenti boma anatenga ulamuliro wa akhulupirira, ndi ntchito ndi cholinga cha lamulo ndi yimitsira a "kusewera moyipa."

Kukhazikitsa pulogalamu mu United States m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali kulimbikitsa lamulo loyamba wadutsa mu 1903 - ". Amachita kuti athandize kumbali ya Kuthi ndi chilolezo cha mayeso chilungamo" Anayambitsa mulinso expediting mayesero a milandu odana ndi kukhulupirira, amene amatengedwa kuti ali ndi "zofunika kwambiri anthu" ndi "kuposa ena."

Lotsatira linali lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa US Department of Labor ndi malonda, mu bwalo amene ntchito ndi kuphatikizapo mndandanda wa nkhani pa adalira ndi kuganizira "ntchito mwachinyengo." zofuna zawo kwa "chilungamo kusewera" Theodore Roosevelt, ndipo anagawira asapita wa amalonda ndi ogwira ntchito wamba, kulankhula kwa kuthetsa mtendere mkangano wa iwo, koma zofuna zikufanana malire US ogwira ncthito ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 20.

Mukhoza kumva maganizo mu zaka mazana makumi awiri boma American wafika ziro "katundu" a mgwirizano wa mayiko. Ichi ndi choonadi, pakuti mpaka 1900 US wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama lolunjika pa okha. Dziko sangathe chibwenzi zovuta za mphamvu ku Ulaya, koma mwachangu kugwira Kukula kwa Philippines, Hawaii.

Ubale ndi Amwenye zamakolo

Mbiri ya anthu zamakolo a mu ubale ndi "woyera" America kuwulula mwa mawu a mmene United States co-akhali na mitundu ina. Zinali zonse ku ntchito lotseguka mphamvu mfundo kuchenjerera kulungamitsa izo. Tsoka la anthu zamakolo ankadalira mwachindunji pa Achimereka woyera. Wokwanira mungakumbukire kuti 1830 mafuko onse kum'mawa zidatunsidwa kumadzulo gombe la Mississippi, koma kale, ukhale zigwa Indians odulidwa, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Blackfoot ndipo Kiowa. Policy boma US mu mochedwa 19 ndi m'ma 20 anali umalimbana ndi ndende ya anthu a m'dziko mwa madera ena anasankha. Iwo m'malo ndi mfundo yakuti "kuweta" amwenye ndi kusakanikirana awo ku anthu a ku America. Monga zaka chimodzi (1830-1930 gg.) Iwo akhala kuyesera boma. Anthu oyamba akusowa dziko lakwawo, ndiyeno chikumbumtima dziko.

US chitukuko cha m'ma 20: The Panama Canal

Chiyambi cha m'ma 20 kwa United States zinali zodzaza ndi chitsitsimutso chidwi Washington mu lingaliro la yapakati-Oceanic Ngalande. Izi anali mothandizidwa ndi chigonjetso mu Spanish-American Nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsidwa wotsatira wa ulamuliro pa Nyanja Caribbean ndi dera lonse Pacific, pafupi ndi gombe American Latin. Theodore Roosevelt anapereka lingaliro kumanga ngalande yaikulu. pachaka pamaso kukhala pulezidenti, analankhula poyera zoti "mu yolimbirana ulamuliro mu nyanja ndi malonda US ayenera kulimbikitsa mphamvu yake yoposa malire ake, ndi kunena kudziwa tsogolo la West ndi East a m'nyanja."

Oimira Panama (sizinathe mwalamulo kulibe ngati boma palokha) ndi United States m'zaka za m'ma 20, kapena kani, ndi anasaina mgwirizano mu November 1903. Mu mawu ake, America analandira mu lopitirira pangano 6 mtunda kamtunda kopita ku chilumba cha Panama. Patapita miyezi sikisi, seneti Colombia anakana kulemba pangano, kutchula chakuti French nsembe mawu abwino kwambiri. Unachititsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa Roosevelt, ndipo posachedwapa dziko, popanda thandizo la America kayendedwe kwa ufulu wa Panama. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa gombe la dziko zinali zothandiza kwambiri warship ku United States - kuwayang'anira pa zinthu. Pambuyo maora angapo pambuyo chilengezo cha ufulu wa Panama America anazindikira boma latsopano kubwerera analandira yaitali mgwirizano, nthawi imeneyi lendi wosatha. Official kutsegula kwa Panama Canal zinachitika pa June 12, 1920.

Chuma US ali m'ma 20: William Taft ndi WOODROW Wilson

Republican Uilyam Taft kwa nthawi yaitali wotanganidwa posts milandu ndi asilikali, anali bwenzi lapamtima la Roosevelt. Otsiriza, makamaka adamuthandiza m'malo a. Taft asanakhale mtsogoleri kuchokera 1909 mpaka 1913. ntchito yake yodziwika ndi kulimbitsa zina za udindo wa boma mu chuma.

Relations kuti mabodza pakati pa atsogoleri awiri, ndipo mu 1912 iwo onse anafuna kuthamanga pa visola m'tsogolo. Kupopera za chisankho Republican m'magulu awiri zinachititsa kuti chigonjetso cha Democrat WOODROW Wilson (onani chithunzi), amene anasiya umboni waukulu pa citukuko ca US m'zaka za m'ma 20.

Iye ankaona wandale kwakukulu, mawu ake wofika, iye anayamba ndi mawu akuti "mphamvu anasintha." The "latsopano demokalase" Wilson mfundo zitatu: ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa mpikisano ndi anthu azikhala. Iye ananena kuti mdani wa adalira ndi kuphangira, koma si lamulo kuthetsa iwo, ndi kutembenuka ndi kuchotsa zoletsa onse pa chitukuko cha malonda, makamaka ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga kudzera kuthetsa "mpikisano kuponderezedwa."

zochita malamulo

Pofuna kukhazikitsa dongosolo Analeredwa ndi Act tariff cha 1913, pa maziko amene ali ndi kafukufuku zonse anali ikuchitika. misonkho Trade adatchithisira ndipo anakweza misonkho pa ndalama, ulamuliro wa mabanki ndi mphamvu kukodzedwa inatha.

Komanso chitukuko andale a United States m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinali zodzaza ndi chiwerengero cha malamulo atsopano. Komanso mu 1913 Federal Reserve System analengedwa. cholinga chake chinali kulamulira amasulidwe zolemba banki, zolemba banki, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ngongole chidwi banki zogwirizana. gulu zikuphatikizapo 12 National Reserve Bank of dziko ziwalo.

Popanda chisamaliro tasiya dera nkhondo chikhalidwe. Anatengera mu 1914, Act Clayton chinanena mawu maganizo malamulo Sherman, komanso amaletsa ntchito poyerekezera ndi malonda okhaokha.

kusintha Progressive nthawi tabadwa wamanyazi masitepe cha anatengera US m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zayamba mogwirizana ndi kusintha dziko likhale lamphamvu latsopano makampani boma capitalist. Masiku kukula zinachitika kulowa America ndi ku nkhondo World. Mu 1917, Chilamulo pa ulamuliro wa kupanga mafuta ndi zipangizo. Iye anawonjezera ufulu wa pulezidenti ndi kumulola kuti akakwaniritse zombo ndi asilikali ndi zonse zofunika, kuphatikizapo pofuna kupewa chabe.

The First World nkhondo: udindo US

Europe ndi United States m'zaka za m'ma 20, ndipo dziko linayima pa anangotsala pang'ono cataclysms dziko lonse. Kuukira ndi nkhondo, kugwa maufumu, mavuto a zachuma - onse sangathe koma bwanji zinthu mkati mwa dziko. mayiko a ku Ulaya muli makamu yaikulu, ogwirizana nthawi zotsutsana ndi mayanjano n'kosathandiza kuteteza malire awo. The chifukwa cha zinthu zinavuta yomangika mliri wa First World nkhondo.

Wilson pa chiyambi cha nkhondoyi ananena kuti mtundu umene America ayenera "kusunga mzimu weniweni chosalowerera ndale" Ndipo anamukomera mtima kuchitira anamenyela nkhondo zonse. Iye ankadziwa kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni mosavuta kuwononga Republic kuchokera mkati. Billed chosalowerera ndale chothandiza ndi lomveka pa zifukwa zingapo. Europe ndi United States m'zaka za m'ma 20 padali okhaokha, ndipo izi walola dziko kukhala kutali ndi chipwirikiti asilikali. Komanso, kulowa mu nkhondo chingalimbikitse msasa ndale cha Republican ndi kuwapatsa mwayi mavoti pachisankho chotsatila. Chabwino, iko kunali kovuta kufotokozera anthu chifukwa United States anathandiza Entente, omwe anali nawo ulamuliro wa mfumu ya Nicholas II.

kulowa US kunkhondowo

Chiphunzitso chosalowerera ndale anali wotsimikizika kwambiri ndi wololera, komabe anasonyeza kuti chisawawa. kuloza zinachitika United States anazindikira anatseka misewu panyanja ya Germany. Popeza 1915, asilikali anayamba ukugwirizana kuti si akuletsa kudzipeleka American pankhondo. mphindi ino anabweretsa kanthu mu Germany pa nyanja ndi imfa ya mbadwa za Chimereka ngalawa olowa la England ndi France. Atandiopseza Pulezidenti Wilson anabwera ndi tizigona, chimene chinafika mpaka January 1917 kenako anayamba m'ziwawa nkhondo makhoti German ndi ena onse.

Mbiri ya USA m'zaka za m'ma 20 akanatha kupatula njira zosiyanasiyana, koma zochitika ziwiri zinachitika omwe adamkankhira dziko kulowa World Choyamba. Choyamba, m'manja mwa nzeru nacho uthengawo, kumene ku Germany anatsegula Mexico zoperekedwa kwa kuwatengera pambali ndi kuukira America. Kuti amenewa lakutali, nkhondo kunja kunali pafupi kwambiri, kusokoneza chitetezo cha nzika. Kachiwiri, panali kusintha mu Russia, ndi ku zandale wasiya Nicholas II, amene anachititsa kuti ndi chikumbumtima ndi bwino kuti agwirizane adani. Udindo wa ogwirizana sanali bwino, iwo anataya katundu yaikulu pa nyanja ndi sitima zankhondo German. kulowa US ku nkhondo ndipo anathandiza kuti asinthe zinthu. Zombo Zankhondo chepetse chiwerengero cha sitima zankhondo German. Mu November 1918, ndi Mgwirizano wa mdani anagonja.

US njuchi

Yogwira kukula kwa dziko linayamba m'zaka 19 mochedwa ndi kuphimba Caribbean Atlantic Ocean beseni. Choncho, madera US m'zaka za m'ma 20 m'gulu Guanovye Island, Hawaii. inawo, makamaka, anali linalanda mu chaka cha 1898, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri analandira udindo wa dera lodzilamulira. Potsilizira pake Hawaii anakhala 50 mamita chifukwa boma US.

Komanso mu chaka cha 1898, anagwidwa ndi Cuba, yomwe mwalamulo anasamukira ku America pambuyo kusaina Pangano la Paris ndi Spain. Chisumbucho chinali pansi ntchito, analandira ufulu ofunda mu 1902,

Komanso chiwerengero cha madera a dziko akhoza bwinobwino zimachitika Puerto Rico (chilumba anakuvoterani mu 2012 kulowa States), ndi Philippines (ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1946), ndi Panama Canal Zone, Chimanga ndi Islands Virgin.

Imeneyi ndi ulendo mwachidule mu mbiri ya USA. Theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, chiyambi cha m'ma 21th, kulongosola wotsatira akhoza yodziwika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. dziko si chilili, nthawizonse chinachake mmenemo. Wachiwiri World nkhondo anasiya chizindikiro kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko, mavuto wotsatira zachuma ndi Cold nkhondo anagwetsa m'firiji pamtunda. Pa kutukuka dziko lonse anapachika latsopano kuopseza - uchigawenga, zomwe ziribe Kupititsa ndi dziko frameworks.