Iran-Iraq nkhondo: zimayambitsa, mbiri, imfa ndi mavuto

Mikanganoyi ali maina ambiri. Iye ndi wodziwika ngati Iran-Iraq nkhondo. Mawu amenewa ndi ofanana makamaka magwero ena ndi Soviet / Russian. Aperisiya otchedwa nkhondo imeneyi "Opatulika Odziteteza", monga iwo (Shiites) ndiotetezedwa ku kulowererana Sunni Aluya. epithet "woyikidwa" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mu Iraq, pali miyambo kuyitana nkhondo Qadisiyah Saddam. Hussein anali mtsogoleri wa dzikoli ndi mwachindunji woyang'anira ntchito zonse. Qadisiya - malo, pafupi omwe kunali nkhondo pa kugonjetsa Arab ya Perisiya m'zaka za m'ma VII, pamene Islam anali zimafalitsidwa mitundu ina. Choncho, Iraqis poyerekeza nkhondo ya atumwi XX ndi ulendo lodziwika bwino kwa East ndi akunja. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu (zoposa wani miliyoni akufa) ndi yaitali (1980 -. 1988 gg) nkhondo ya atumwi wotsiriza.

The zifukwa ndi zimayambitsa nkhondo ndi

Chifukwa nkhondoyo inali malire mkangano. Iye anali prehistory yaitali. malire Iran ndi Iraq pa chiwembu lalikulu la dziko - kuchokera Turkey ya Perisiya. Kumwera kwa mzerewu akuthamanga limodzi Shatt al-Arab (Arvand Rud amatchedwanso), amene anapanga kuchokera pophatikizana a madzi ena otchuka awiri - Tigirisi ndi Firate. M'dera pakati pawo anaonekera mzinda anthu oyambirira. Pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, Iraq anali gawo la Ottoman (tsopano Turkey). Pambuyo kugwa kwake chifukwa kugonjetsedwa mu First World nkhondo anapanga Arab Republic, inachita pangano ndi Iran, chimene malire pakati pa iwo ayenera kutenga malo kumanzere gombe la mtsinje zofunika. Mu 1975 panali mgwirizano pa kulanda kunja pakati pa njira.

Pambuyo Chisilamu utasintha Iran chinachitika, anayamba kulamulira kumeneko Ruhollah Khomeini. asilikali anayamba kukonza, imene anazunzidwa ndipo anauza alonda ndi asilikali okhulupirika kwa shah lapansi. Chifukwa cha ichi, ali utsogoleri anali wosadziwa atsogoleri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Iraq, ndi Iran bungwe provocations wina ndi mzake ndi zigaŵenga ndi mamembala a mobisa ndi. Maphwando anali bwino osati zotsutsana akukupangitsani nkhondo.

alowererepo aku Iraq

The Iran-Iraq nkhondo inayamba ndi chakuti September 22, 1980, asilikali aku Iraq kuwoloka mtsinje adatsutsana Shatt al-Arab ndi atalanda dera la Khuzestan. media Official analengeza kuti chifukwa cha kuukira anakhala akatiputa Persian alonda malire amene anaphwanya boma malire.

amanyansidwa anali kufalitsa pa munda makilomita 700. The nkhawa yaikulu inali kum'mwera malangizo - pafupi ndi Persian Gulf. Zinali apa kuti pa zaka eyiti anali kumenyana kowopsa. amadzibisa chapakati ndi chakumpoto ankayenera kuphimba moiety mwachidule, Iranians sangapite kwa iwo kumbuyo.

Patapita masiku 5, kumzinda waukulu Ahwaz analandidwa. Komanso, anawononga mafuta malo ofunikira chuma cha kuteteza dziko. Popeza kuti dera wolemera gwero imeneyi n'kofunika, komanso kulimbikitsa zinthu. Khumi lotsatira Hussein anaukira Kuwait, chifukwa ali yemweyo - mafuta. Ndiye chiyambi cha US-Iraq nkhondo, koma mu dera 80 mayiko ubwenzi wotuluka mkangano, ndi Sunnis ndi Shiites.

ntchito Land anali limodzi ndi ndege mabomba mizinda mtendere Iran. Zinaukilidwa ndi likulu Tehran. Patapita sabata aziyendera amakakamizidwa Hussein anasiya asilikali ndipo anapereka Otsutsa dziko imene kugwirizana ndi zomvetsa waukulu Abadan. Izo zinachitika pa 5 October. Hussein ankafuna kuthetsa nkhondo pamaso pa holide opatulika a Eid al-Adha (tsiku la 20). Pa nthawi imeneyo Soviet Union anali kuyesera kuti wosankha kuthandiza zipani. Kazembe Vinogradov adati Nduna thandizo nkhondo Iran, koma iye anakana. Komanso, Iraq ndi mtendere bwana anakanidwa. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhondo idzakhala protracted.

kutalikitsa nkhondo

Poyamba, Iraqis ndi ukulu ena: ndipo ankaimba m'manja anadabwa kuukira, ndi mwayi ophunzira chipitirire, ndi demoralization wa asilikali aku Iran, kumene kunachitika madzulo a kuyeretsa. utsogoleri Arab yapanga ndalama mfundo yakuti msonkhano adzakhala kochepa ndipo kupirira Aperisiya ku gome positi ofesi. Asilikali patsogolo makilomita 40.

Iran wayamba ndi yolimbikitsa mwamsanga adzabwezeretsa muyezo wa mphamvu. Mu November anabwera nkhondo wamagazi wa Khorramshahr. Pa nkhondoyo msewu atapita kwa mwezi umodzi, ndiye atsogoleri Arab anataya kanthu pa mikangano yotere. Ndi mapeto, nkhondo anakhala Pamalo. Frontline ndinayima. Koma posakhalitsa. Patapita nthawi pang'ono tizigona, ndi Iran-Iraq nkhondo, zimayambitsa zimene zinaphatikizapo udani aliuma wa zipani wina ndi mzake, ali anayambiranso.

chitsutso Public ku Iran

Mu February 1981, Iran, Iraq nkhondo anasamukira ku siteji latsopano, pamene Iranians ayesa kusunga counterattack choyamba. Komabe, idatha kulephera - imfa ya-magawo awiri a anthu a pa. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zimene anakantha kugawanika mu anthu aku Iran. Asilikali otsutsana ndi atsogoleri amene adakhulupirira akapitawo adampereka dziko. Against maziko awa, kuti anathamangitsidwa pulezidenti Banisadr.

Chinthu china chinali Mujahedin of Iran (MKO). mamembala ake ankafuna kuti akonze Republic zokomera. Iwo anapezerapo mantha ndi boma. Aphedwa pulezidenti watsopano Mohammed Radzhai ndi Nduna Mohammad Bahonar.

atsogoleri dziko, kusonkhanitsa kuzungulira ayatollahs anayankha kumangidwa misa. Pomaliza, izo adzakangamira kwa mphamvu ndi kuwononga boma.

Kusokonezedwa ndi maiko ena Middle East

Anapitiriza Iran Iraq nkhondo, azungu kuphunzira mosayembekezereka. Israeli Air Force ikuchitika opareshoni "Opera". Iwo anali umalimbana kuwonongedwa kwa "Osirak" malo nyukiliya. Riyakitala izo wogulidwa ndi Iraq mu France kafukufuku. Israeli Air Force anamenya pa nthawi imene Iraq kwathunthu sanayembekezere kuukira kumbuyo. Kumenyana Sindikanachita chili chonse. Ngakhale chochitika ichi siwokhuzidwa njira za nkhondo, koma aku Iraq pulogalamu nyukiliya anamuthawa zaka zambiri zapitazo.

Chinthu china chinali thandizo lachitatu chipani cha Syria Iran. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti boma la ku Damasiko akhala Shia. Syria anatseka payipi ku Iraq, umene unachitika pa madera ake. Zinali zopweteka kwambiri kwa chuma cha dziko, T. Kwa. Iye anali kwambiri amadalira "golide wakuda".

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala

Mu 1982, Iran, Iraq nkhondo kamodzinso anasamukira ku gawo yogwira, pamene Iranians anatenga counterattack chachiwiri. nthawi iyi zinali bwino. Iraqis apita ku Khorramshahr. Ndiye Ayatollah anapereka mawu mtendere: ndi yosiya a Hussein, kupereka reparations ndi kufufuza za zimayambitsa nkhondo. Iraq anakana.

Ndiye aku Iran asilikali nthawi yoyamba anawoloka malire a mdani ndi kuyesa kutenga Basra (anavutika). Mu nkhondo nawo kwa anthu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni. nkhondo mumalozana mu marshland akumidzi. Ndiye Iran mlandu Iraq ntchito yoletsedwa mankhwala zida (mpiru mpweya). Pali umboni kuti umisiri amenewa anabwereka nkhondo isanayambe, mayiko a azungu, kuphatikizapo Germany. M'madera ena amapangidwa mu US yekha.

kuukira mpweya anali phunziro mwapadera atolankhani dziko. Kale kumapeto kwa nkhondo mu 1988, panali mabomba mumzinda Chikudishi wa Halabja. Ndi nthawi iyi pali anali anthu wamba chabe, ongokhala ndi ochepa mitundu. Hussein anatenga kubwezera pa Kurds, amene mwina anthu amapereka mwa Iran, kapena okana kumenya naye. Ntchito mpiru mafuta, tabun ndi sarin - chinthu kuchititsa imfa.

The nkhondo pa mtunda ndi pa nyanja

Kenako aku Iran zolawula pa Baghdad anaimitsidwa makilomita 40 kuchokera likulu. asilikali 120 zikwi anaphedwa mu njira ya osewera izi. Mu 1983, asilikali aku Iran ndi thandizo la Kurds atalanda kumpoto kwa dzikolo. Wamkulu kupambana mwatsatanetsatane anali mwana'yo Shiites mu 1986, pamene Iraq anali pafupi asakhalenso nyanja chifukwa imfa ya ulamuliro pa chilumba FAO.

The nkhondo pa nyanja kwachititsa kuti chiwonongeko cha mathanki mafuta, kuphatikizapo wokwatibwa ndi kumayiko ena. Zimenezi zinapangitsa mphamvu dziko kuchita chilichonse kuti mkangano wa.

Ambiri kuyembekezera mapeto Iraq nkhondo. US analowa m'gulu la asilikali ku nyanja ya Perisiya, kuti apite mathanki awo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kumenyana ndi Iranians. Tsoka kwambiri chidali itawonongedwa wa A300 mwakwera ndege. Zinali yonyamula aku Iran zouluka ku Tehran kuti Dubai. Iye anawomberedwa pansi pa Persian Gulf pambuyo zipolopolo chida cruiser wa Navy US. andale Western anagamula kuti ngozi zoopsa, pamene ndege ankati kolakwika kwa womenya aku Iran.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu United States anathyola milandu kudziwika monga Watergate, Iran kapena Iran-Contra chibwenzi. Iwo anali atamva kuti ena mfundo otchuka amavomereza malonda manja ku Republic Chisilamu. Iran pamene anali embargoed, ndipo kunali koletsedwa. Alowerere upandu anaonekera Mlembi Wothandizira Ellot Abrams.

US ndi Iran

Mu chaka chatha a nkhondo (1987-1988), Iran kamodzinso anayesa analanda doko pamalo abwino ofunika a Basra. Zinali wosimidwa pofuna kuthetsa kampeni wamagazi, monga Iraq nkhondo. Zifukwa akhala kuti mayiko aŵiri wotopa.

The Gulf nkhondo kachiwiri bwanji US Navy. nthawi iyi, Achimereka anaganiza kuti aukire nsanja Iran ndi mafuta awiri, amene ntchito ngati nsanja cholimbana zombo ndale. Corps anali wotanganidwa Asilikali, ndege chonyamulira, owononga, ndi matani 4. D. The Iranians anagonjetsedwa.

atachita mtendere

Pambuyo Ayatollah anazindikira kuti kufuna latsopano kuzengereza nkhondo amakhala opanda ntchito. Iwo anathetsa Iraq nkhondo. Losses mbali zonse zinali zoopsa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, anakwana pakati pa hafu miliyoni akuvutika. Izi zimapangitsa nkhondo wina nkhondo yaikulu ya theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi.

Anamenyela nkhondo Iraq anawombera m'manja Saddam, amene ankaona mpulumutsi wa mtundu. Malire a dziko anabwerera zokhazikika. Ngakhale kuwopsa kwa anthu ake, Saddam inatheka chifukwa NATO ndi Warsaw ke, T. Kwa. Atsogoleri adziko sanafune kufalitsa ulimi Chisilamu.