The spacecraft loyamba ndi munthu pa bolodi

"The spacecraft woyamba anapezerapo ku Earth pa mlingo wa 0,68 kuti ..." Akatero amayamba lemba la ntchito mu sayansi buku ophunzira 11 kalasi ithandiza kuti alimbikitse m'maganizo mwa zinthu zazikulu okonzera relativistic. Kotero kuti: "spacecraft woyamba anapezerapo kuchokera pansi pa mtengo wa 0,68 c. The chipangizo chachiwiri iyamba kusuntha kwa woyamba mbali imodzi pa liwiro V2 = 0,86 m. M'pofunika kuwerengera liwiro wachiwiri chotengera wachibale padziko Lapansi. "

Amene akufuna kuyesa nzeru zawo akhoza kuphunzitsidwa ntchitoyi. Mukhozanso, pamodzi ndi ophunzira kutenga nawo mbali mu mayeso njira ya "spacecraft woyamba anapezerapo kuchokera pansi pa liwiro la masekondi 0,7. (C - mathamangidwe wa lakuti kuunika). The chipangizo chachiwiri iyamba kusuntha kwa woyamba mbali imodzi. liwiro lake - 0,8. M'pofunika kuwerengera liwiro wachiwiri chotengera wachibale padziko Lapansi. "

Kwa anthu amene amadziona bwino nkhani imeneyi, n'zotheka kusankha - Pali zinthu zinayi lolondola: 1) 0; 2) 0.2; 3) 0.96 m; 4) kwa 1,54.

An didactic cholinga chachikulu, mphatso phunziro Kankhani atchule ana ndi tanthauzo thupi komanso cha nzeru za Einstein a postulates chofunikira ndi katundu relativistic mfundo nthawi ndi malo, etc. Maphunziro Cholinga cha phunziro ndi kukhala anyamata ndi atsikana a dialectical zakuthupi worldview.

Koma owerenga Nkhani amene amadziwa mbiri ya Russian malo othawirako, mungavomereze kuti ntchito mu zikhalidwe anatchula mawu akuti "spacecraft woyamba", kungathandize kwambiri ntchito yophunzitsa anthu. Ngati n'koyenera, mphunzitsi ntchito ntchito awa akhoza kuwuluridwa ngati mbali chidziwitso ndiponso dziko lawo la funsoli.

The spacecraft choyamba mu malo bwino kwa danga sayansi Amalawi ambiri - zimene amadziwika za izi?

Za kufunika kufufuza malo

Space kafukufuku tapangidwa mu sayansi deta wapatali kuti analola kumvetsa akamanena za zochitika latsopano zachilengedwe ndi kuziika pa utumiki wa anthu. Ntchito makina, asayansi anali kudziwa za mtundu weniweni wa Dziko Lapansi, ndi kuphunzira m'mipita kukhala zotheka kuti tifufuza m'madera a anomalies maginito mu Siberia. Ndi ntchito ya maroketi ndi makina anatha kupeza ndi kuona malamba cheza padziko Lapansi. Ndi thandizo lawo kotheka kuthetsa zina zambiri mavuto zovuta.

The spacecraft woyamba kukaona Moon

Mwezi - thupi lakumwamba, amene amagwirizana ndi zomwe kwambiri ndi chidwi kwa malo sayansi.

Flight kwa Moon kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri yagwiridwira January 2, 1959 siteshoni zodziwikiratu "Luna-1". The Launch woyamba wa yokumba Kanema "Luna-1" wakhala pantchito yojambula m'munda wa kufufuza malo. Koma cholinga chachikulu cha polojekiti sichinayambe zimatheka. Zinali kukhazikitsa kuthawira ku Earth kwa Moon. The Launch anapereka wapatali sayansi ndi zothandiza kwambiri zokhudza flights matupi zina dziko. Mu njira ya "Moon-1" Cholinga wakhala anayamba (kwa nthawi yoyamba!) The chachiwiri dziko liwiro. Komanso, izo zikanakhala zotheka kupeza deta pa lamba cheza cha dziko lapansi, yotengedwa zina zambiri zamtengo wapatali. Makina padziko lonse n'kukagwiritsa spacecraft "Luna-1" dzina "Dream".

AMC "Luna 2" akubwerezedwa kuloŵedwa pafupifupi mwathunthu. Ntchito zipangizo zonse ndi zipangizo walola kuti kuwunika malo interplanetary, komanso kusintha deta analandira "Luna-1". Thamanga (12 September 1959) Komanso anachita ntchito 8K72 RN.

September 14, "Luna 2" wafika kachipangizo chilengedwe cha dziko lapansili. woyambirira ndege anapangidwa kuchokera lathuli mwezi. Pa bolodi anali atatu AMC ophiphiritsa pennant, amene anaberekera akuti: "The USSR, mu September 1959". Pakati anaikidwa chitsulo mpira, imene kupanda pamwamba pa thupi lakumwamba kuduladula mu ambiri streamers yaing'ono.

Ntchito anatumizidwa ku siteshoni zodziwikiratu:

• kukwaniritsa mwezi pamwamba;
• Kukula kwa dziko liwiro kachiwiri;
• kugonjetsa kufunika kwa Dziko Lapansi;
• Kutumiza kwa mwezi pennants pamwamba "USSR".

Onsewo zakwaniritsidwa.

"East"

Icho chinali spacecraft koyamba mu dziko lonse anapezerapo Earth kanjira. Academician M. K. Tihonravovym ndi wotchuka mlengi S. P. Koroleva chitukuko ikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri, kuyambira m'chaka cha 1957. Mu April 1958 anadziwika magawo pafupifupi za tsogolo la chombo, komanso ntchito yake yonse. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti spacecraft oyamba adzakhala ndi kulemera matani pafupifupi 5 ndipo pa mpando kulowa anafunika zina chitetezo matenthedwe wolemera pafupi 1.5. Komanso anapatsidwa woyendetsa ejection.

Kupanga ndege experimental inatha mu April 1960. Chilimwe udayambitsa kudziyesa izo.

The spacecraft woyamba "Vostok" (chithunzi pansipa izo) inkakhala mbali ziwiri: chida chipinda ndi mbadwa gawo inakula.

chotengeracho okonzeka ndi ulamuliro Buku ndi zodziwikiratu, lathu dzuwa ndi Earth. Komanso, pali ndegeyo, kutentha womwe ndi mphamvu okwanira. Board lalembedwa kuuluka woyendetsa osakwatira spacesuit lapansi. sitimayo anali portholes awiri.

The spacecraft poyamba analowa danga 1961, pa April 12. Tsopano, tsiku limeneli chikondwerero monga Tsiku limene Cosmonautics. Pa tsiku ili, YA Gagarin orbited woyamba danga sitima dziko. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi Kuukira padziko Lapansi.

Ntchito zazikulu zimene amachita spacecraft loyamba ndi munthu pa bolodi, anali kuphunzira wokayenda pamwezi umoyo ndi ntchito kupitirira lathuli. Wopambana ndege ya Gagarin: compatriot wathu, munthu woyamba amene anaona Earth ku malo - chitukuko cha sayansi anali anachokera ku gawo lina.

Izi ndege ku kusafa

"The spacecraft loyamba ndi munthu pa bolodi unayambitsidwa mu Earth kanjira April 12, 1961. Woyamba woyendetsa-cosmonaut spacecraft-Kanema "Vostok" wakhala nzika ya USSR, woyendetsa, Major Gagarin Yu. A. "

TASS mawu a posts losaiwalika nthawizonse kukhala mu mbiriyakale, mmodzi wa chidwi kwambiri ndi maonekedwe ochititsa masamba ake. Kumapeto kwa zaka za kuyenda danga adzakhala munthu wabwinobwino, wamba chodabwitsa, koma ndege, munthu wangwiro ku mudzi waung'ono Russia - Gzhatsk - nthawizonse kukhala mu malingaliro a mibadwo yambiri ngati chintchito munthu.

Danga mpikisano

Pakati Soviet Union ndi United States mu zaka panali mpikisano mumtima pa ufulu otsogolera mu anagonjetsa danga. Mtsogoleri wa mpikisano anali Soviet Union. The United States analibe maroketi wamphamvu.

The astronautics Soviet ndi ntchito zawo wayesedwa January 1960, pamene mayesero mu Pacific. Onse dziko lalikulu manyuzipepala m'mabuku kuti anthu Soviet posachedwapa anapezerapo danga kuti ndithu kusiya US kumbuyo. Anthu onse a dziko anali kuyembekezera woyamba panali ndege ndi Poyembekezera kwambiri.

Mu April 1961, munthu kwa nthawi yoyamba anayang'ana pa Dziko Lapansi kuchokera mlenga lenga. "East" anathamangira kwa Dzuwa, dziko lonse anaonerera ndegeyi ku mawailesi. dziko anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kusangalala, onse mwachidwi anaona kuyesera kwambiri pa mbiri ya anthu.

Mphindi limene linagwedeza Dziko

"Munthu Space!" Uthenga uwu unaduka m'ma chiganizo ntchito mabungwe wailesi ndi uthenga. "Soviet Union linayambitsa munthu! Yuri Gagarin mu mlengalenga! "

"East" pa izo kuuluka pa dziko, zinatitengera mphindi 108. Ndipo mphindi osati anasonyeza airspeed mbali yakunja. Amenewa anali mphindi loyamba danga m'badwo watsopano, nchifukwa chake iwo kotero zinandinjenjemeretsa dziko.

Mpikisano pakati pa mayiko awiri a wopambana mutu mu nkhondo ya kufufuza malo inathera ndi chigonjetso wa USSR. Mu May, ndi US ballistic komanso anapezerapo munthu mu mlengalenga. Ndipo komabe chiyambi cha munthu kupitirira m'mlengalenga chinaikidwa ndi anthu Soviet. The spacecraft woyamba "Vostok" ndi wokayenda pamwezi pa bolodi anatumizidwa m'malo mwa boma la Soviet Union. Zimenezi zakhala nkhani ya kunyada lalikulu la anthu Soviet. Komanso, ndege inatenga yaitali apamwamba kwambiri, ndinali pa njira zambiri zovuta kwambiri. Komanso, spacecraft woyamba Gagarin (chithunzi ndi maonekedwe ake) sizingafanane ndi kapisolo, amene anaulukira katswiri American.

Morning danga nyengo

Izi mphindi 108 anasintha Yuriya Gagarina moyo, mtundu wathu ndi dziko lapansi kwa muyaya. Kamodzi anamasulidwa mu malo oyamba danga m'chombo ndi munthu pa bolodi, mwambo umenewu ndi anthu a Dziko Lapansi kuyamba kukhulupirira m'mawa wa zaka danga. Pa dziko panalibe munthu amene adzasangalale ndi chikondi waukulu chonchi osati kwa anthu anzawo, komanso anthu padziko lonse, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu, ndale ndiponso zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo. ft wake anali mwini wa zonse zabwino kuti analengedwa ndi maganizo a anthu.

"Kazembe wa Mtendere"

Overflights lapansi ngalawa "Vostok", Yuri Gagarin kupita ku dziko. Aliyense ankafuna kuti aone ndi kumva woyamba cosmonaut dziko. Wake mofanana kulandira nduna zazikulu ndi atsogoleri, akalonga kwambiri ndi mafumu. Ndipo Gagarin mokondwera moni Anthuwa ndi dockers, nkhondo ndi asayansi, ophunzira mayunivesite lalikulu la dziko ndi akulu a m'midzi anasiya mu Africa. The cosmonaut woyamba anafunanso yosavuta, wochezeka ndi ulemu kwa onse. Zinali woona "kazembe wa mtendere", mayiko losadziwika.

"Mwamuna wamkulu, wodabwitsa, nyumba"

Gagarin ndi zamtendere ntchito lofunika kwambiri kwa dziko. Palibe kotero bwinobwino, monga anachitira ndi mwamuna woyamba amene anali mu malo, mangani mfundo za ubwenzi pakati pa anthu ndi mitundu, kulumikiza maganizo ndi mtima. Iye anali ndi zosaiŵalika, wokongola kumwetulira, chodabwitsa mtima chimagwirizanitsa anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, zikhulupiriro zosiyana. Modabwitsa zokopa anali mokhudza wake, akubwera kuchokera ntchito lonse la mtima, akuyitanira mtendere padziko.

"Ndinaona wokongola bwanji Lapansi - anati Gagarin. - Kuchokera danga malire osiyana. lathuli amayang'ana ku malo aakulu ndi wokongola m'nyumba imodzi anthu. Anthu onse oona padziko lapansi ndi amene amachititsa kuti ndi mtendere kunyumba kwake. " Iye ankakhulupirira chosaneneka.

Kukwera kochuruka kwa dziko

M'bandakucha pa tsiku losaiwalika, anali kudziŵa ndi anthu ochepa. Masana, dzina lake waphunzira dziko lonse. Kuti kufika mamiliyoni, anamukonda iye chifukwa cha kukoma mtima kwake, wachinyamata, kukongola. Kwa anthu, inali nyengo yachisanu ikupita mtsogolo, ndi Scout kubwerera pa kafukufuku woopsa, lotseguka njira yatsopano chidziwitso.

Mu maso a ambiri anali kuimira dziko lake, anali woimira anthu pa nthawi amene anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti kugonjetsa Anazi, ndipo tsopano woyamba kukwera mu mlengalenga. Dzina la Gagarin, amene anali kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union, unakhala chizindikiro cha likutukuka dziko panayamba ro ikuyendera ndi zachuma.

Siteji yoyamba ya kufufuza malo

Ngakhale pamaso pa ndege wotchuka, pamene spacecraft loyamba ndi munthu pa bolodi unayambitsidwa mu mlengalenga, Gagarin zimene ankaganiza phindu kwa anthu ndi chitukuko cha malo, kodi mukufuna zombo amphamvu ndi mivi. N'chifukwa chiyani wokwera telesikopu ndi masamu kanjira? Chifukwa makina ntchentche ndi mlongoti wailesi aukitsidwa? Iye ali bwino kufunika ndi ubwino milandu nafuna zimathandiza kuti siteji koyamba za kufufuza anthu m'mlengalenga.

The spacecraft woyamba "Vostok": Ntchito

Waukulu mavuto sayansi kuti kukakumana ndi ngalawa "Vostok", anali motere. Choyamba, kuphunzira mmene zinthu ndege kanjira la dziko la thupi ndi ntchito zake. Chachiwiri, onani mfundo za kumanga spacecraft.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mu 1957, SP Korolev mu sayansi amasinthira dipatimenti wapadera bungwe nambala 9. Pamafunikanso ntchito pa chilengedwe cha makina yokumba dzikoli. dipatimenti ankapita ndi mnzake Korolev, MK Tikhonravov. mafunso chilengedwe cha Kanema anali nayenso anaphunzira pano, piloted ndi munthu pa bolodi. Mu Korolyevskiy P-7 ankaona ngati galimoto Launch. Malinga anapezazo, chida ndi digiri chachitatu cha chitetezo anakhoza kukokera zisanu tani katundu otsika-Earth kanjira.

Kuwerengetsera pa siteji oyambirira chitukuko nawo Masamu Academy of Sciences. Zinapatsidwa chenjezo kuti tenfold zimamuchulukira kungachititse kuti mbadwa ballistic ku kanjira.

dipatimenti kuphunzira zinthu kwa ntchitoyo. Ndinafunika kusiya kuganizira zimene mungachite wovuta. Monga njira yoyenera kwambiri ya kubwerera kwa mwamuna, tinaphunzira kuti n'zotheka afunika ndi mbadwa zina mwa parachuti. Osiyana kupulumutsidwa lander si anapereka.

M'kupita kwa yakuthandizani kupitirirabe wasonyeza kuti ambiri abwino kwa thupi ndi ozungulira mawonekedwe lander, kulola kupirira akatundu olemera popanda kukumana ndi mavuto alionse kwambiri thanzi la chombo. Ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira anasankhidwa kuti yopanga wa mbadwa gawo la chotengera zinakhazikitsa.

Sitima yoyamba "Vostok-1K" watumidwa. Zinali Ndege basi, umene unachitika mu May 1960 ndipo tira kwa kusinthidwa ndi Mulungu analenga "East-3KA", umene unali wokonzeka kuchita utumwi zinakhazikitsa.

Kupatula analephera wina ndege idatha kulephera kwa Launch galimoto pa Launch, pulogalamu chaperekedwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zisanu opanda zisanu ndi chimodzi spacecraft zinakhazikitsa.

Program akuyendera:

• mwamuna atanyamula ndege mu danga - ndi spacecraft woyamba "Vostok 1" (chithunzi ndi chotengera image);
• ndege Kutalika kwa tsiku, "Vostok-2";
• akuchititsa gulu ndege, "Vostok-3" ndi "Vostok-4";
• nawo malo ndege ya woyamba mkazi cosmonaut, "Vostok-6".

"East": makhalidwe a sitima ndi zipangizo

Features:

• kulemera - 4,73 mamita;
• kutalika - 4.4 mamita;
• awiri - 2,43 m.

chipangizo:

• ozungulira lander (2.46 m, 2.3 m);
• Zoimbidwa ndi conical yozungulira zipinda (2.27 m, 2,43 m) - anapatsa kugwirizana makina pakati pa iwo kudzera mwa maloko pyrotechnic ndi n'kupanga zitsulo.

zida

Makinawa ndi Buku kulamulira, lathu zodziwikiratu kwa dzuwa ndi lathu Buku dziko lapansi.

Moyo Support (anapereka kwa masiku 10 kukhalabe m'mlengalenga mkati lolingana magawo a m'mlengalenga).

Lamulo ndi kudziletsa mfundo, magetsi, kulamulira kutentha, ankafika.

Ntchito ya munthu

Pofuna kupereka munthu ntchito mu gulu danga kuti anali okonzeka ndi zipangizo zotsatirazi:

• yoyenda yokha ndi radiotelemetry zipangizo zofunika kuyan'anila boma la wokayenda pamwezi ya;
• zida chifukwa kugwirizana wailesi ndi okwerera apadziko:
• lamulo wailesi;
• pulogalamuyo nthawi wagawo;
• dongosolo TV kuwayang'anira woyendetsa pansi;
• ndi polojekiti wailesi ndi malangizo kupeza kanjira chombo;
• retropropulsion ndi ena.

The lander chipangizo

The otsetsereka gawo anali portholes awiri. Mmodzi wa iwo ili pakhomo zimaswa, pang'ono pamwamba pa mutu woyendetsa Mulungu, ena ndi njira yapadera maganizo kulamulira, kuyikidwa mu pansi pa mapazi ake. Atavala suti wokayenda pamwezi anaikidwa mu mpando ejection. Iwo anali envisaged kuti pambuyo braking ndi mbadwa kapisozi pa okwera 7 km wokayenda pamwezi ayenera eject ndi parachuti kupanga ndegeyo. Komanso, panali kuthekera ankafika woyendetsa mkati makina. The otsetsereka kapisozi anali parachuti, koma osati ndi njira kwa ankafika zofewa anapereka. Izi anaopseza kuvulala okhalamo munthu lalikulu pa ndegeyo.

Ngati anakana dongosolo basi, ndi wokayenda pamwezi akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro Buku.

The "Vostok" anali wosayenera kuwuluka munthu mwezi. Iwo zinali zosavomerezeka ndege ya anthu popanda maphunziro apadera.

Amene piloted ngalawa "East"?

. Yu A. Gagarin: ndi spacecraft woyamba "Vostok - 1". chithunzi pansipa mawonekedwe fano la chombo. G. S. Titov: "Vostok-2" A. G. Nikolaev "Vostok-3", kulima Popovich: "Vostok-4" V. F. Bykovsky "Vostok-5" V. V. Tereshkova "Vostok-6".

Pomaliza

mphindi 108, imene "Vostok" anapanga kusintha padziko lapansi, wakhala nthawizonse anasintha moyo wa dziko. Kukumbukira mphindi izi wokondedwa osati ndi azambiriyakale. mibadwo Kukhala ndi ana athu kutali adzakhala mwaulemu zikalata kuwauza za kubadwa kwa nyengo yatsopano muwerengenso. AD, amene watsegula njira kwa anthu expanses zedi chonse.

Kodi Koma kutali anthufe patsogolo chitukuko, izo nthawizonse ndikukumbukira tsiku lodabwitsa pamene munthu woyamba adadza maso ndi maso ndi chilengedwe cha. Anthu nthawizonse kumbukira dzina la ulemerero wa wosafa danga mpainiya amene anakhala wamba Russian munthu - Yuri Gagarin. Zonse zikayenda bwino panopa ndi tsogolo la malo sayansi kuonedwa ngati njira m'mbuyo ake, chifukwa amadza mwa kupambana kwawoko - woyamba ndi zofunika kwambiri.