Kodi osiyana ndi gymnosperms angiosperms? Kusiyana chachikulu

Gymnosperms (Latin Gymnospérmae.) Ndipo angiosperms, kapena zomera maluwa (Magnoliophyta balati.) - izi ndi magulu awiri osiyana a mbewu ufumu (Subkingdom zomera apamwamba), kuwonekera successively mu kasinthidwe zachilengedwe. Iwo mbali yofunika kwambiri mu n'zodalirika wa dzikoli, kupanga chivundikiro ake wobiriwira.

Ena mwa anthu a magulu awa tsopano zinatha kwathunthu ndi madipoziti malasha ndi gulu. Tsopano Padziko Lapansi pali holographic, ndi angiosperms. Pali kusiyana kiyi zomwe magulu awiri.

magwero

Chiyambi ndi zaka - ndicho, wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera gymnosperms angiosperms. Gymnosperms - gulu wakale kwambiri wa zamoyo mbewu. Iwo ali padziko lapansi ndi nthawi Devonian (Paleozoic nyengo), ndi za miliyoni 370 zaka zapitazo. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anali mbadwa za Mumapezekanso mbewu (Latin Pteridospermae.) - zinatha kwathunthu zomera ndi zipsera ambiri omwe amapezeka ndi m'dambo wa Devonian Chakumapeto ndi Early Cretaceous.

Maluwa zomera, kapena angiosperms anaonekera zaka miliyoni 120-150 zapitazo, pa Malire a Jurassic ndipo Cretaceous (Mesozoic Nyengo) mwamsanga wapeza malo lalikulu pa dziko. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti makolo awo anali gymnosperms wakale.

The zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi zamoyo

Gymnosperms okwana pafupifupi 1000 mitundu panopa alipo mu chikhalidwe. Anthu ena a gulu inasoŵeratu kwathunthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi zokwiriridwa mu mawonekedwe gasi. mawonekedwe moyo - mitengo ndi zitsamba, ndi mipesa redkovstrechaemye. gymnosperms Dipatimenti umaimiridwa ndi makalasi zingapo:

1. Sagovnikovye: cycad kuŵeramitsa, Stanger wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya, Boven neri Al.
2. Bennettitales Williamson nilsoniopteris (kwathunthu zinatha kalasi).
3. Gnetalians: Ephedra horsetail, velivichiya mirabilis.
4. Ginkgo: Ginkgo biloba.
5. Conifers: spruce, Oil, paini, mlombwa, mkungudza, ndi ena.

N'zochititsa chidwi zosiyanasiyana zambiri - ichi ndi chimene chimasiyanitsa angiosperms ku gymnosperms. Angiosperms, pali mitundu pafupifupi 300 zikwi -. Oposa theka la zomera zonse za padziko lapansi. Alipo mu mawonekedwe a mitengo, zitsamba, udzu osatha ndi pachaka, mphesa. Gawo lawo wakufayo kwambiri ndi zovuta, akuti:

• Maphunziro Monocots:

mabanja:

Mbewu: rye, Mapila, tirigu, ndi ena.

Liliaceae: kakombo, tulip, adyo, anyezi, etc.

• Maphunziro Dicotyledons:

mabanja:

Solanaceae: mbatata, fodya, solanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus neri Al.

Asteraceae: mpendadzuwa, mugwort, dandelion, Yerusalemu atitchoku, etc ..

Nyemba: soya, nandolo, nsawawa, nyemba ndi ena.

Cruciferous: kabichi, radish, radish, mpiru, etc.

Rosaceae: anauka, anauka, rowan, Cherry neri Al.

ziwalo zoberekera

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati angiosperms ndi gymnosperms - chiwalo cha kubereka. Gulu loyamba ndi maluwa mu n'kuwasanganiza zomwe ndi mbewu (zipatso) pambuyo umuna. Amakhala stamens ndi - ziwalo zoberekera wamwamuna, pistil - akazi kugonana limba (kwa izo kukhala chipatso), ndi lobes corolla, cholandirira ndi peduncle. Flower amasiyana mawonekedwe, mtundu ndi mtundu malingana ndi mtundu wa mbewu.

Mu gymnosperms nchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi chipulumutso kusinthidwa - mtanda kuti akhoza kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi, amene mosavuta adzaweruzidwa ndi kukula kwake. Ndi pa sikelo yake ovules kukhala, ndipo kenako anaumba mbewu.

umuna

The ndondomeko ya umuna - ndicho chinsinsi amasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. Mu gymnosperms ndi wosavuta. Mungu matumba pang'onopang'ono kusasitsa za mbewu umuna, amene ndiye umasamutsidwa ku gametophyte wamkazi. umuna chimodzi (wamwamuna gamete) zamphongo zimapereka bere chabe dzira limodzi, inatuluka mbewu. Dongosololi atuluka mu megasporangia kapena ovules.

Mu maluwa kumachitika mosiyanasiyana. Apa pali umuna awiri ndi zimene angiosperms amasiyana gymnosperms. Mwachidule, ndondomeko wakhala anafotokozedwa ndi Russian asayansi SG Navashin mu chaka cha 1898. Iwo atuluka motere: mkati mwa mbewu umuna kumera n'kuwasanganiza awiri umuna fertilizes dzira limodzi kwa mbewu akufotokozera, wachiwiri - selo chapakati, tingadzifunse endosperm - kundipatsako kwa zakudya mwana wosabadwayo.

yoopsa Education

Pambuyo umuna, zomera maluwa kupanga zipatso - zimene angiosperms wosiyana gymnosperms. zipatso ndi mapangidwe mbewu amapezeka mkati kusinthidwa n'kuwasanganiza khoma. Koma nthawi zina mapangidwe ake nawo perianth, stamens ndi calyx, izo zonse zimadalira mtundu wa mbewu. Panthawi imeneyi, kayendedwe ka mchere ndi organic zinthu mu mbewu yalunjika zipatso kuti akhoza kuchepetseratu zimakhala ena. Zipatso, komanso mitundu zikuchokera angiosperms, yodziwika ndi zosiyanasiyana.

Gymnosperms angiosperms amasiyana kupanda zipatso. mbewu zawo anayikidwa poyera pa cones ndi flake ndi kanthu wotetezedwa. Komabe, iwo ndi zimasintha wapadera kuti amalola anagawira pa mtunda wautali.

inafikira

Njira mbewu kafalitsidwe - chochitika chofunika amasiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. Gulu loyamba la ichi ndi njira yokhayo - mothandizidwa ndi mphepo. Choncho, mbewu Amawapatsa zokhudzana, zokhudzana ndi membranous phiko woboola pakati dongosolo. Movement wa mpweya angathe popereka mbewu ngati mtunda ndithu kuposa amaperekedwa ndi kukula kwa malo a mbewu.

Mu njira angiosperms kufalitsa mbewu zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimachitika ndi thandizo la mphepo, tizilombo, mbalame, nyama, ndi anthu. Ena mbewu slinging ndi zophuka kuti akhoza gwiritsitsani zovala kapena nyama ubweya ndi ulendo wautali. zipatso zambiri ndi wokoma yowutsa mudyo zamkati, edible kwa anthu ndi nyama zomwe zipangitsa kufalitsidwa kwa mbewu.

Kapangidwe ka zimakhala kuchititsa

The chipangizo cha dongosolo conduction - ndi chinachake chosiyana gymnosperms angiosperms. Zomera wamkulu kayendedwe ka madzi ndi zakudya zimakhala si kwambiri. Ukusunthira madzi pang'onopang'ono kudzera tracheids - dzenje machubu ndi makoma wakuda ndi zake kakasi perforated. Ali mbali ya xylem, ndi kupereka m'mwamba madzimadzi otaya - mizu ndi masamba. Tracheids kuoneka bwino bwino pamene akuganiza pansi simungathe kutiona.

Conduction dongosolo la angiosperms ndi changwiro choposa. zomera anali lidzasinthidwa ziwiya tracheids. Izi paipi yaitali kwambiri (ena mipesa akamafika makumi a mamita), limene kumatheka madzimadzi otaya ndi zakudya. Mbali zimenezi kumathandiza kuti akumanga yogwira Inde njira zambiri zofunika zokhudza thupi mu mbewu: mapangidwe wotchedwa chlorophyll, photosynthesis, kupuma.

ubwino zamoyo zinachita

Gymnosperms padziko Lapansi wautali kuposa angiosperms. Koma, ngakhale, iwo akwaniritsa zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu chimakhala ndi zomera wamng'ono maluwa. ndi kusiyana angiosperms ku gymnosperms chiyani? Kodi ubwino kuti awalole kutenga malo lalikulu mu mbewu dziko la dzikoli? Pali ena mphindi amene athandiza iwo, akuti:

• maonekedwe a maluwa okongola kuti tizilombo, zomera akuloledwa kuwonjezera mwayi wakuti kubereketsa zomera;
• mungu zosiyanasiyana zimene mungachite;
• n'kuwasanganiza ovule amateteza kuwonongeka;
• awiri umuna chimathandiza Ndisanaumbidwe mbewu kupeza chakudya chokwanira chitukuko;
• zipatso yowutsa mudyo amapereka chitetezo lili mkati mbewu;
• njira kuonjezera kugawa mbewu;
• zosiyanasiyana zamoyo (mitengo, udzu, tchire) amalola kuti azikakhala zikuluzikulu niches zachilengedwe;
• dongosolo mtima chimalimbikitsidwa zipangizo imayendetsa njira zambiri zofunika zokhudza thupi la zomera chamoyo.

Kusiyana chachikulu. chidule

Choncho, chimene ndi chosiyana ndi gymnosperms angiosperms? Mwachidule kusiyana chachikulu cha magulu onse amaoneka mu Table.

Anatuluka mu njira zamoyo zinachita, zipangizo, monga kuteteza mbewu, awiri umuna, kubereketsa zomera ndi tizilombo, komanso patsogolo kwambiri conduction dongosolo analola angiosperms zatenga malo lalikulu m'dziko nyama dziko.