Chiyambi cha Romanov mafumu. Mbiri ya Romanov mzera

Romanovs mafumu amene mbiri kunayamba m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, anali atangotuluka ku wachikulire wolemekezeka. Koma atakwatirana ananena pakati Ivanom Groznym ndi woimira Romanov - Anastasiey Zaharinoy, iwo anakhala pafupi ndi nyumba yachifumu. Pambuyo pa ubwenzi ndi Moscow Ruric pa mpando wachifumu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito okha Romanovs.

Mbiri ya mafumu Russian a mafumu anayamba pambuyo akulamulira dziko anakhala osankhidwa grandnephew wa mkazi Ivana Groznogo - Mikhail Fedorovich. ana ake adayima pa mutu wa Russia mpaka October 1917.

prehistory

The kholo la mabanja ena olemekezeka, kuphatikizapo Romanovs, wotchedwa Andrei Ivanovich Mare, atate wake, zikuonekera ndi nkhani Divonovich England-Kamba, analandira ubatizo m'dzina la Ivan, anaonekera mu Russia khumi zotsirizira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi. Iye anabwera ku Lithuania.

Ngakhale izi, ndi zina m'gulu la olemba mbiri zikusonyeza kuti chiyambi cha Romanov mafumu (mwachidule - Nyumba ya Romanov) amachokera ku Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich anali ndi ana ochuluka monga zisanu. Iwo ankatchedwa Simoni ndi stallion Alexander mtengo, Vasily Ivantay ndi Gabriel Gavsha ndi Fedor Cat. Iwo anali makolo a ambiri monga seventini nyumba chabwino Russia. Mu bondo woyamba Andrei Ivanovich ndi ana ake oyamba anayi dzina Kobylin, Fedor Andreevich ndi mwana wake Ivan - Koshkin, ndi mwana wa otsiriza - Zachary - Koshkin-Zakhar'in.

Zikamera wa mayina

Ana posachedwa anakana gawo loyamba - Cat. Ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali anayamba kulemba yekha pansi pa dzina la Zakharins. Kuchokera bondo chimodzi thereto Chinawonjezeka theka lina - Yuriev.

Choncho, ana Peter ndi Vasiliya Yakovlevichey dzina Yakovlev, Romana - okolnichy ndi akazembe - Zakharins-Romanov. Ndi ana a otsiriza ndipo zimachokera wotchuka Romanov mafumu. Mu ulamuliro wa mtundu uwu unayamba mu 1613th.

mafumu

Romanov mafumu anali wokhoza kupanga pa mpando wachifumu nthumwi zisanu. The woyamba anali wamkulu-mphwake wa Anastasia - mkazi Ivana Groznogo. Mikhail Fedorovich - mfumu yoyamba ya Romanov mafumu, iye analeredwa mpando wachifumu Zemsky Sobor. Koma popeza ndinali wamng'ono ndipo wosadziwa, makamaka analamulira dziko bayou Martha ndi achibale. Pambuyo pake, Romanov mafumu mafumu anali ochepa. Ndi mwana wake Alex ndi adzukulu atatu - Fyodor, Ivan V ndi Peter I. Zinali otsiriza mu 1721, chaka inatha ndi Romanov mafumu.

mafumu

Pamene Petro A. anakhala mfumu, chifukwa mtundu wa anayambitsa nyengo chosiyana. The Romanovs, amene mbiri monga mafumu a mafumu inayamba mu 1721-m, anapereka khumi olamulira Russian. Awa, atatu okha ndiwo mwazi.

Pambuyo Peter Wamkulu - mfumu yoyamba ya Nyumba ya Romanov - monga autocratic wachifumu mfumukazi akatengela ndi mkazi wake malamulo Catherine Ine, mmene amene akadali akusiyana akatswiri a mbiri yakale kutsogolera. Atamwalira mphamvu ankadutsa mdzukulu wake Peter Ine ndi ukwati wake woyamba - Peter II.

Chifukwa cha infighting ndipo zokhota a kulowezana kwa mzere agogo ake anali atapanga. Ndipo mwa mphamvu yachifumu ndi regalia anaperekedwa mwana wamkazi mkulu m'bale wa Mfumu Petra Velikogo - Ivan V, koma pambuyo Anny Ioannovny anakwera wachifumu Russian mwana wake Kalonga wa Brunswick. Dzina lake anali Yohane VI Antonovich. Iye ankhaimilira yekha wa Mecklenburg-Romanov, amene anakhala pa mpando wachifumu. Iwo anagonjetsa azakhali ake - "Mwanawe Petrov" Mfumukazi Elizabeti. Iye anali wosakwatira ndi ana. Ndicho chifukwa Romanov mafumu, tebulo Board zomwe zili zochititsa chidwi ndithu, mu mzere mwachindunji mwamuna ndi pa izo bwereza.

Ankadziwa mbiri

Inalowa mpando wachifumu wa mtundu uwu chinachitika pa zochitika zachilendo, wazunguliridwa ndi imfa zambiri zachirendo. Romanov mafumu, amene oimira ndi chithunzi mu buku lililonse mbiri, n'zogwirizana ndi mbiri Russian. Iwo chionekera wakutemwa ake nthawi zonse. Pamodzi ndi anthu kudutsa nthawi yovuta, pang'onopang'ono kutukula dziko mwa umphawi ndi umphawi - zotsatira za nkhondo zonse, kuti Romanovs. Mbiri ya mafumu Russian kwenikweni zimalimbikitsa zochitika wamagazi ndi zinsinsi. Aliyense wa nthumwi zake, ngakhale ulemu ndi zofuna za nzika, nthawi yomweyo kusiyana ndi nkhanza zake.

Mfumu yoyamba ya

Chaka chiyambi cha Romanov mafumu anali wosakhazikika ndithu. boma analibe wolamulira yovomerezeka. Makamaka chifukwa cha mbiri yabwino Anastasii Zaharinoy ndi mchimwene wake Nikita Romanov banja ndinali kulemekezedwa ndi anthu onse.

Russia adzazunzidwa nkhondo ndi Sweden ndi pafupifupi kugwira internecine feuds. Kumayambiriro February, chaka 1613th mu Grand Kremlin Palace, anasiyidwa ndi m'derali, pamodzi ndi mulu wa zoipa ndi zinyalala, analengeza mfumu yoyamba ya Romanov mafumu - mnyamata wachibwana kalonga Mikhail Fedorovich. Ndipo ichi usinkhu wa zaka sikisitini mwana wa mabishopu, Filaret chinali chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Romanov mafumu. Iye anali pa analamulira kwa zaka makumi awiri.

Iwo anali naye akuyamba Romanov mafumu, mbadwo tebulo amene anaphunzira ku sukulu. Mu 1645-mamita Michael anali mwana wake Alex. Yotsirizira ndi malamulo kwa nthawi yaitali - oposa zaka makumi atatu. Pambuyo pake, mu dongosolo la motsatizana wakhala kugwirizana ndi mavuto ena.

Kuyambira 1676 zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi cha Russian ulamuliro mdzukulu Michael - Fedor dzina la agogo-agogo ake. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, ulamuliro wa Romanov mafumu woyenera anapitiriza Peter Ine ndi Ivan V - abale ake. Iwo pafupifupi zaka fifitini, anachita mphamvu wapawiri, ngakhale pafupifupi onse makonzedwe dziko anatenga pa mlongo wawo Sophia, amene linachita kuti mphamvu kukoma kwambiri mkazi. Olemba mbiri amatiuza kuti wapadera awiri mpando wachifumu, ndi dzenje wakhala analamula kubisa chochitika ichi. Ndiponso ndi kudzera iye alira Sophia anapereka malangizo abale ake.

Petr Veliky

Ndipo ngakhale chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Romanov mafumu amagwirizana ndi dzina la Mikhail Fedorovich, pa chimodzi cha nthumwi zake kudziwa pafupifupi chilichonse. Uyu ndi munthu amene ayenera kunyadira ndi lonse Russian anthu, okha Romanovs. Mbiri ya mafumu Russian a mafumu a, mbiri ya anthu Russian ndi mbiri Russia ndi yogwirizana ndi dzina Petra Velikogo - woyambitsa ndi mkulu wa asilikali zonse ndi m'nyanja, ndi onse - munthu ndi maganizo ikuyenda bwino kwambiri pa moyo.

Ndi kudzipereka mozama ndi mphamvu zazikulu ntchito, Peter ine, monga, ndithudi, ndi onse, kupatulapo pang'ono, Romanov mafumu lomwe lili ndi chithunzi oimira mabuku onse m'mbiri, moyo anaphunzira kwambiri. Koma anasamala mwapadera asilikali ndi seamanship. Pa ulendo woyamba kunja zaka 1697-1698, Peter anatenga njira ya zida zankhondo Sciences mu Konigsberg, ndiye theka chaka akugwira ntchito Amsterdam sitima losavuta kalipentala, anaphunzira chiphunzitso cha shipbuilding ku England.

Zinali osati umunthu chidwi kwambiri a m'nthawi, akhoza kunyadira Romanovs: mbiri ya mafumu Russian sankadziwa munthu wanzeru kwambiri ndi mafunso ambirimbiri. Chilichonse chokhudza iye, malinga m'nthawi yake, umboni uwu.

Peter nthawi zonse chidwi chilichonse chimene mwanjira anakhudzidwa mapulani ake: ndipo pa mbali ya kasamalidwe kapena zamalonda, ndi maphunziro. chidwi anawagawira lonse. Iye sanali kunyalanyaza ngakhale mbali zochepetsetsa, ngati iwo kenako zikhoza kukhala zinthu zothandiza.

vuto la moyo Petra Romanova kunali kuwuka kwa boma ndi kulimbitsa mphamvu asilikali. Zinali iye amene anakhala tate wa asilikali zonse ndi m'nyanja, kupitiriza kusintha atate wake - Alexei Mikhailovich.

State kusintha kwa ulamuliro Petro anatembenuka Russia mu boma amphamvu kwambiri amene anapeza madoko, chitukuko cha malonda achilendo, ndipo anira bwino ntchitoyi.

Ndipo ngakhale chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Romanov mafumu chinaikidwa pafupifupi isanu zaka zambiri aliyense wa ophunzira ake sakanakhoza kukwaniritsa zimene anapanga Petr Veliky. Iye osati anakhazikitsa lenilenilo monga nthumwi kwambiri, komanso analenga odana Swedish kumpoto Alliance. Mu mbiri ya dzina la mfumu yoyamba chikugwirizana gawo lalikulu la chitukuko Russia ndi zikamera ake mphamvu kwambiri.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Petulo anali munthu zovuta kwambiri. Pamene zaka seventini anatenga ulamuliro, izo sanalephere kubisa mlongo wawo Sophia mu obisika lakutali. Imodzi mwa oimira wotchuka wa Romanov mafumu, Peter, imadziwika Wamkulu, ankadziwika zokwanira yankhanza Mfumu, amene waika kumatanthauza cholinga - kukonzanso malotsivilizovannoy ake dziko m'njira Western.

Komabe, ngakhale malingaliro awa mwapang'onopang'ono, iye ankaona wankhanza mwadala, ndithu kufanizitsa kwa kuloŵedwa wake wankhanza - Ivanu Groznomu, mwamuna wa agogo a bambo ake Anastasia Romanova.

Akatswiri ena amakana kufunika kuchuluka kwa Peter reorganizations ndi mfundo onse a mfumu mu ulamuliro wake. Peter, iwo ndikukhulupirira, anali pachangu kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo kwambiri ndi yachidule, ntchito pa nthawi ngakhale njira zikuoneka zosamveka. Ndipo ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti atamwalira mwadzidzidzi, Russian Ufumu mofulumira atabwerera ku zimene wokonzanso Pyotr Romanov anayesa kuti mupewe izo.

Ndi zosatheka wina anagwa kuulukira kuti ukasintha kusintha anthu ake, ngakhale kuti tikumangireni likulu lake latsopano, boyars kumeta ndevu ndipo anatsogolera sbiralsya pa misonkhano ya ndale.

Komabe, lamulo la Romanovs, makamaka, kusintha utsogoleri, amene anayambitsa Peter tanthauzo lalikuru kwa dziko.

nthambi yatsopano

Atakwatira Anne (mwana wachiwiri wa Peter Wamkulu ndi Catherine), mphwake wa mfumu ya ku Sweden, nayikidwa chiyambi cha Romanov mafumu, amene kwenikweni inasanduka ngati Holstein-Gottorp. Pa nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi mgwirizano, mwana obadwa a banja ndipo anayamba Peter III, anatsala membala wa nyumba yachifumu.

Choncho, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a mibadwo, Fuko lachifumu anadziwika monga Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, kumene munthu amasonyeza osati odula banja lawo la manja, komanso pa mikono ya Russia. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, wachifumu chinaperekedwa mu mzere woongoka, wopanda amazipotokola iliyonse. Izi zinachitika chifukwa cha lamulo la Paulo. Iwo anati kusintha kwa mzere anthu molunjika.

Pambuyo dziko ankalamulidwa ndi Paulo Alexander I - mwana wake wamkulu, amene anali wopanda mwana. A yachiwiri mbeu yake - Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - antchito kuti Ndipotu, anali mmodzi mwa zifukwa zimene kugalukira Decembrist. Mfumu lotsatira anali mwana wake wachitatu - Nicholas I. Ambiri, kuyambira nthawi ya Catherine Wamkulu, nyumba yonse ufumu anayamba kuvala mutu wa Korona Prince.

Pambuyo Nicholas Ine, wachifumu zapita mwana wake wamkulu - Alexander II. Pa zaka twente wani Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Choncho, chotsatira chinali mwana wachiwiri - Mfumu Alexander III, yemwe anali mwana wake woyamba ndi wotsiriza Russian bwanamkubwa - Nicholas II. Choncho kuyambira nthawi imene, ndi mafumu Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp ku nthambi izi zimachitika eyiti mfumu ochuluka ndi Catherine Wamkulu.

m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi

M'zaka za m'ma XIX banja lachifumu kwambiri kukodzedwa ndi kuchuluka. malamulo apadera kuti zonse za ufulu ndi udindo wa aliyense m'banja anali atayamba. Anali ananenera, komanso zinthu zakuthupi moyo wawo. Pali ngakhale anayambitsa latsopano mutu - mkulu wa magazi lachifumu. Ankaganiza ana kutali wolamulirayo.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba Romanov mafumu ndi chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kwa Imperial House anali kale m'gulu nthambi anayi mu mzere mkazi;

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - amachokera mwana wa Nicholas Ine, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, ndi Duke wa Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - ku ukwati wake ndi mwana wamkazi wa Mfumu Paulo Duke wa Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - anachokera ukwati wa Mfumukazi Catherine Mikhailovna ndi Duke wa Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Kuukira ndi Imperial House

Popeza pamene anali chiyambi cha Romanov mafumu, nkhani ya banja muli imfa ndi kuphana. Nzosadabwitsa otsiriza a m'banja - Nicholas II - dzina amagazi. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mfumu yekha nthawi yomweyo sasiyana kupsa mtima msanga.

Ulamuliro wa Russian mfumu yomaliza zinali zodzaza ndi kukula mofulumira chuma dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Russia panali ponso zotsutsana za ndale komanso. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha gulu chosintha, ndi chifukwa - kuti zipolowe za 1905-1907, kenako February utasintha.

Russian mfumu ndi mfumu ya Poland ndi Grand Duke la Finland - otsiriza Russian Tsar wa Romanov mafumu - anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1894. m'nthawi Nicholas II anafotokoza monga zofewa ndi ophunzira kwambiri, wodzipereka devotee wa dziko, koma pa nthawi yomweyo munthu wamakani kwambiri.

Zikuoneka kuti ichi chinali chifukwa cha kutsutsidwa kulimbikira malangizo a akuluakulu odziwa nkhani kayendetsedwe kuti Ndipotu, zinachititsa zolakwa amapha mwa mfundo Romanov. chikondi n'zosadabwitsa odzipereka a mfumu ndi mkazi wake, omwe ena a mbiri yakale wotchedwa ngakhale siigwira makamaka chifukwa cha chonyozetsa wa m'banja lachifumu. Anakayikira ulamuliro wake wakhala posited monga Mulungu woona.

Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti mkazi wa Russian mfumu yomaliza anali ndithu nkuti pambali zosiyanasiyana za boma. Komabe, iye sanali kuphonya mwayi umodzi kuti agwiritse ntchito, pamene anthu ambiri udindo wapamwamba ndi mu zosatheka yosayenera. Ambiri a iwo ankaona otsiriza akulamulira Romanov fatalist, pamene ena anali a maganizo chabe kwathunthu akamaona anthu kuvutika kwa anthu awo.

Kumapeto kwa ulamuliro

Magazi 1917 anali kukhala chomaliza mphamvu akugwedezeka wa autocrat lapansi. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi First World nkhondo ndi kupanda malamulo a Nicholas II mu nthawi yovuta kwa Russia.

Muzikangana wa banja Romanov amanena kuti nthawi imeneyi mfumu yomaliza sitingakhale kapena analephera yake kukhazikitsa mu ntchito zofunika kusintha chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro. The February utasintha amakakamizidwa mfumu yomaliza akadali amatula pansi. Chifukwa, Nicholas II ndi banja lake pa ukaidi nyumba m'nyumba yake yachifumu Tsarskoye Selo.

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi la Romanovs analamulira kuposa chimodzi dzikoli. Zinali kudzidalira, palokha ndipo limafotokoza kwambiri Ulaya chuma. Zinali nyengo kwambiri, imene inatha pambuyo popereka banja lachifumu, otsiriza a Romanovs: Nicholas II ndi Alexandra ndi ana asanu. Izo zinachitika mu chapansi wa Ipatiev nyumba mu Yekaterinburg pa usiku wa July 17, 1918.

Romanov lero

Ndi chiyambi cha 1917 Russian Imperial Nyumba ya oimira inkakhala sikisite, makumi atatu ndi awiri a amene anali theka wamwamuna. anthu khumi anawomberedwa ndi Bolsheviks mu nthawi kuchokera 1918 mpaka zaka 1919. Izo zinachitika mu St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk ndipo, ndithudi, Yekaterinburg. Otsala anthu makumi asanu ndi awiri anathawa. Chifukwa, iwo anapezeka mu ukapolo, makamaka US ndi France.

Ngakhale gawo ili yofunika ya ufumuwo ali zaka zoposa khumi kuyembekezera kugwa kwa mphamvu Soviet ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa mafumu Russian. Pamene December 1920 Olga K. - Grand Mfumukazi - anakhala regent la Greece, anayamba kutenga mu dziko lino kuti anthu ambiri othawa kwawo ku Russia, amene anali kudikira chabe ndi kupita kunyumba. Komabe, izi sizinachitike.

Komabe, Nyumba ya Romanov kwa nthawi yaitali anali kulemera. Komanso, mu 1942, nthumwi ziwiri za House anali wokonzeka wachifumu wa Montenegro. Kwambiri ngakhale analenga kucheza, womwenso mamembala amoyo onse a mafumu a.