Tariqat mu Islam ndi chiyani?

Islam ndi achipembedzo chipembedzo chimene ndi chidwi pafupifupi dziko lonse. Mwatsoka, nthawi kuti ntchito pa zofuna zawo zonyansa ndi zigawenga komanso zigawenga kulungamitsa mawu ndi mauthenga a Allah zopha anthu ambirimbiri. Choncho, nthawi wathu kukhala wofunika kwambiri kumvetsa zimene kwenikweni Islam ndi offshoots ake. Kudziwa zimenezi akhoza kupulumutsa miyoyo yambiri ya khalidwe wakulungama ndi mayesero. N'zovuta kunyenga amene mtima chifukwa cha chifuniro cha Mulungu mwanzeru. Kuti muyandikire kwa Wamphamvuyonse kuthandiza zochita zosiyanasiyana wauzimu, wotchuka kwambiri a iwo tariqats. M'nkhani ife angakuuzeni zimene tariqat ndi mmene anauka. Ndipo kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira kuwala kwauzimu, lofala North Caucasus.

makhalidwe General tariqat

anthu ambiri nthawi yomweyo kupezeka kwa kumvetsa tariqat. Pambuyo mawu ali yaitali ndi mbiri yotchuka, womwenso zinthu zambiri zimene zagwira miyoyo ya Muslim dera lonse.

N'zosatheka kugawa mfundo monga "Sharia" ndi "tariqa". Poyamba anali pachibale, chifukwa Shari'a lili ndi malamulo ndi malamulo kuti atsogolere moyo onse okhulupirika. Ndiyamika Muslim uyu akhoza mphindi iliyonse linakhalapo, kuti mogwirizana ndi iye yekha, ndi Mulungu. Iye amaganiza, ntchito, amadya ndiponso amachita zinthu zina zambiri monga wokondweretsa Mulungu. Koma si wopilitiza malamulo, m'pofunika iliyonse chachiwiri maganizo amaona ubwenzi wawo ndi Mulungu, ndipo akhoza kukuthandizani Tariqa izi.

Ngati Sharia ndi maziko a mtundu Muslim, tariqat - osakaniza nzeru ndi miyambo umalimbana kuyeretsa moyo. Ndipotu, njira yokha kubweretsa wobisika kwa Allah.

Kodi Tariqa: liwu

Ngati timamasulira mawu kuchokera Chiarabu Russian, ndiye machesi wapafupi idzaseweredwe monga "njira." Ndi iye amene amatsogolera munthu kutisambitsa ku zinthu zonse zachidziko ndi kupereka kumva chimwemwe ndi mgwirizano wa rapprochement ndi Wamphamvuyonse.

akatswiri a maphunziro achisilamu amati pali chilichonse m'dzikoli sayenera kukakamizidwa kunja kwa malingaliro mutu wa munthu za Allah. A Muslim mungatenge zinthu manja osiyana, koma mutu ndi mtima wake nthawi zonse odzazidwa ndi maganizo a mtundu wina. Akatswiri ambiri kukumbutsa okhulupirika kuti pali pang'ono kupemphera motsatira malamulo - pemphero tiyenera kukhala oona mtima ndi opanda kafungo za m'dziko ndi mavuto.

Ndithudi, izo si kophweka ndi palibe aliyense wokhulupirira, koma tariqat wokhoza amathera Muslim kudzera njira zovuta ya chiyeretso ya moyo ndi mtima. Aliyense amatenga msewu uwu, kuchotsa maganizo oipa, zochita osayenera ndi Kulephera. Anthu tariqat kumbukirani iliyonse chachiwiri cha Mulungu, ndipo amene ali mkati mwa mitima yawo. Ichi ndi cholinga wapamwamba wa wokhulupirira, kuti zomwe ense mu Muslim tiyenera kuyesetsa.

Zadzidzidzi tariqat

tanthauzo masiku ano akuti si yomweyo Unalimbitsa. Ngati inu anayesa kupeza zimene tariqat, m'zaka IX, zikanakhala anakaonekera inu tanthauzo losiyana kwambiri cha izi akuti zovuta achipembedzo.

Poyamba tarekat mbatoma kutowera Sufi ammudzi. Iwo anatchula offshoots esoteric cha Islam, omwe analalikira kudziletsa, moyo wosasangalala ndipo maphunziro auzimu ndi ndiyotani pakuchotsa zilakolako za dziko lapansi. Akatswiri ambiri Chisilamu ano kunena Sufism monga mtundu wa nzeru Muslim, amene amakhudza kwambiri pa kumvetsa kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la Islam.

Makamaka wamba tariqahs zitsulo IX-X zaka zambirimbiri. Sufis kuti analowa kuyenda njira ya uzimu kudziletsa anapeza ndi kupeza choonadi, amene anali kudziŵika kuti Tariqa. njira iyi limodzi ndi ya zizoloŵezi ndi ntchito zauzimu, zimene zinachititsa kuyeretsa ndi adzitsitsimutse. Kupambana wapamwamba zosangalatsa ankaona haqiqati - kuzindikira Umulungu mu mawonekedwe ake onse. Sufis sankakayikira kuti kumvetsa njira yothandiza ndi moyo wosasangalala.

chitukuko tariqat

Ndi zaka mazana makumi awiri mfundo tariqat anayamba kusintha. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe anthu ochuluka ndi mabungwe omwe mtengo wamkulu wa kuthi tandem "mphunzitsi - wasukulu". Last - mureed - chinayenera kumvera kwathunthu kwa mbuye wake, chifukwa iye ali wokhoza yekha kuthera pa njira yovuta kuyeretsedwa. Patapita nthawi, Ayuda amenewa anapangidwa padziko lonse Muslim, ndi mtengo wa kuthi tariqats sukulu, amene akanatha kuphunzira ndi murshids kwambiri ŵakusanga (aphunzitsi).

Mpaka tariqat XIII m'zaka zovuta, amapeza malamulo osiyana ndi miyambo. Murid amayenera kuyamba ndi mphindi iliyonse ya moyo wake chinaperekedwa ku ziyang'aniridwe ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza. Aliyense wa tarikats akanakhoza kukhala moyo wawo wauzimu makhalidwe, njira ndi ntchito. Sufism pang'onopang'ono unatha udindo wa ziphunzitso osankhidwa ndi kulumikiza misa. Iwo adatengedwa Asilamu ambiri, kutenga njira ya chidziwitso cha choonadi.

Tariqats mu zaka XIII-XV

M'kupita kwa nthawi, sukulu unayamba bwino dongosolo masanjidwe ndi wapadera dongosolo gulu. Padziko m'ma XIII anayamba kusandutsa mu fraternity kumene chilango akuchuluki- ntchito makhalidwe chinsinsi. Kawirikawiri mu fraternity mutu wina anakhala aunikiridwa, ndipo anthu ena onse a m'dera ankawaona otsatira ake ndi ophunzila ake. Kusiyana ofunikira ubale Tariqa sukulu anali chimodzimodzi bwino gulu, komanso ena a njira. Ngati kale kuti tipeze kuunika Asilamu ntchito zosiyanasiyana zochita, anaganiza kutsatira njira kuti kale anapambana awathandize bwinobwino nditapita ku fraternity lapansi. Iwo anadziŵa Mulingo wa kuvomerezedwa. Kutikita ndi lachinsinsi ndipo amapezeka ku maso kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi.

K XV m'ma fraternity dongosolo Potsirizira pake osasunga Tariqah anatengera mu Islam. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti aliyense Muslim azitenga tariqat, pambuyo pa zonse izi, monga akatswiri a maphunziro achisilamu, munthu akufuna kwa Allah. M'kupita kwa nthawi, aiwala dongosolo "mphunzitsi - wophunzira", kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi tandem abwera "woyera - ndi novice." Aliyense fraternity anayambitsa anakwezedwa woyera ndi mphamvu zopanda malire mu fraternity lapansi. Pamene mbiri yasonyeza, mtundu uwu unali zovomerezeka kwambiri. Inde, ambiri a abale sanathe adzapulumuka chifukwa chosowa ufumu bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maluso osiyanasiyana anaitenga ku madera ena.

m'ma XV: inasintha mbiri ya tarikats

K XV m'ma fraternity potsiriza kukhala yekha chimake chiwalitsiro njira. Mu dziko Muslim inkayenda khumi fraternities zikuluzikulu zimene zingachititse munthu kuyeretsedwa wauzimu. Kenako, iwo anawonjezera madera anayi. Iwo onse poyambira mapangidwe nthambi zosiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi linalandira ufulu tariqat ndi otsatira adapindulapo.

Aliyense wa tarikats anali kugawa awo Hrs ndi chikoka. Nthawi zambiri mu dera limodzi akhoza mwamtendere kulibe fraternities angapo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dongosolo lawo wakhala chomwecho. kusiyana A lagona mu njira dhikr, ndilo pemphero wapadera, amene anapanga pemphero wathunthu.

Kaperekedwe fraternities

Ndi XVII ndi tariqats m'ma anapeza ndithu dongosolo bwino, malinga ndi zimene novice anamvera osati anayambitsa abale, komanso mmene wamkulu malamulo mkati ndi chizolowezi. Iwo zochuluka pa njira ya ku kuyeretsedwa wauzimu ndi choonadi.

Makhalidwe waukulu madera mwina kuganiza zotsatirazi:

• chopanda malire kugonjera tate wa abale;
• kulowezana bwino;
• otsatira anagawidwa odzipereka ndi yosavuta;
• mwambo miyambo;
• tariqat ali ndi njira yapadera zokambirana, makhalidwe ndi luso, kukhazikitsa amene amatsanzira hayala wa fraternity ya;
• wapadera mpatuko wa kulemekeza anthu oyera mtima manda;
• dhikr mwambo umene umakhala ziwalo zonse za ubale wathu.

Gawo tarikats

Tariqats ogaŵikana Shiite ndi Sunni, koma ena kuposa izo, iwo anawagawa m'magulu atatu:

• Ayar. tariqat Izi amachita kuyeretsedwa chauzimu ambiri pemphero zina. Pemphero ndi maulendo makumi asanu tsiku ndi ayenera kuonetsetsa kutsirizitsa dhikr losonkhanitsidwa.
• Abrar. Izi tarikats gulu kumenyera chiyero mu ubale ndi kuyengedwa mwauzimu kwa anthu ake onse.
• Shuttar. M'midzi ankachita njira yeniyeni ya kusinkhasinkha mwauzimu, cholinga chimene ndi kukwaniritsa boma la chisangalalo achipembedzo.

Takambirana kale za chakuti ambiri fraternities ali m'dera mwawo pomwe ntchito ndipo anasangalala kwambiri zochita. Mwatsatanetsatane, tinaganiza kuganizira Naqshbandi - tariqat, amene sizachilendo mu Chechnya. Ndithudi, izo si iye yekha, koma ali pano otsatira kwambiri.

Naqshbandi Tariqa: mbiri ya chilengedwe

Pachikhalidwe akukhulupirira kuti ubale izi kunayamba cha m'ma XIV. tate wake anali Bahauddin Naqshbandi, zomwe mwina anabwereka zina wauzimu wa tariqat Yasawa, kulumikiza ndi ziphunzitso zina lachinsinsi la Sufi masikolala. Zotsatira zake zinali azimuth wapadera kwambiri omwe amafalitsa mofulumira Turkey, Central Asia ndi gawo la makono North Caucasus.

Kuyambira ali wakhanda, Bahauddin analeredwa mzimu wa Sufism, kotero kuwadziwa bwino zonse intricacies ake. Naqshbandi Tariqa anali mfundo zingapo kuti otsatira mosamalitsa kutsatira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti unyolo golide wa Naqshbandi tariqa (m'badwo) umabwerera kwa kwambiri Mneneri Muhammad ndipo ali nthambi ziwiri.

Mfundo ndi chikhazikitso tariqat

Kwenikweni onse otsatira Naqshbandi amachita dhikr chete, ndiko kuti, amapemphera mwakachetechete. Anayambitsa tariqat ndinaganiza wapamwamba kupembedza wosatenga zotsatira anakhumba, ndi luso kuganizira ndi ntchito Mulungu popanda mawu - njira woona kudziyeretsa moyo.

Bahauddin yekha anapanga woyamba mfundo zitatu za fraternity wake, m'malo mwake wawonjezera iwo, napita khumi:

• kusamalirana mphindi iliyonse ya nthawi ndi moyo ndi ntchito;
• dhikr khalidwe;
• ndi kuchepetsa ukaidi dhikr;
• kumvetsa moyandikana Mulungu;
• osayang'ana pa choletsedwacho ndi kupewa mayeserowo;
• pang'onopang'ono kupatuka kwa anthu amene imodzi akubweretsa kwa Mulungu;
• luso anthu yekha ndi Mulungu;
• otchula Mulungu yekha ndi mtima;
• pemphero ayenera kutchulidwa yekha ndi malingaliro a Wamkulukulu;
• kutsekereza maganizo wosaloleka ndi maganizo;
• makhalidwe zonse zauzimu.

Malamulo amenewa kutsatira lero sichinasinthe.

Chechnya: peculiarities wa tariqat

Pamene akatswiri Chisilamu kunena za anthu Chechen Muslim, lingaliro ndi amatchedwa "Vainakh anthu", kaphatikizidwe mafuko ndi anthu ochuluka.

Ndani mwa Vainakh awliya woyamba anagawira Tariqa Naqshbandi ku Chechnya, izo ziri zodziwika bwino. Komanso mayina a anthu amene anatumikira mokhulupirika kufala kwa Islam ku mayiko amenewa. Childs, mafumu ndi anthu woyera adalowa m'bwalomo ndale pa nthawi imene tsogolo la mtundu linali pangozi yaikulu. Woyamba amene anabweretsa ziphunzitso za Naqshbandi ku Chechnya anali Sheikh Mansour, amene wabwera kuchokera m'banja la anthu wamba, wokhala ku mudzi phiri. Mu malo oyamba kuoneka ngati ufulu womenya, ndi pamenepo pokha anakumbukira nyota chipembedzo chake pamaso pa anthu a Chechnya.

Tariqat pa nthawi ino silinakwaniritsidwe zinapangidwa ngakhale pambuyo mapangidwe ali zake mbali yapadera chibadidwe ndendende dera limeneli. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a mmudzimo n'kofunika kwambiri pang'ono kwa manda a oyera. Alibenso kulambira fano kwambiri woyambitsa ake, kuposa malo ake m'manda. Tariqa Naqshbandi ku Chechnya ndi makamaka Sufism, amene makamaka likusonyeza umunthu ndiponso achita okha mafumu, ndi funso la motsatizana ndi kale wamng'ono anthu onse ammudzi.

Funso tarikats mosalekeza ndithu, koma ife tayesera kuti ndifotokoze izo monga mosavuta komanso momveka. Chinthu chachikulu ndi wokhulupirira aliyense ayenera kudziwa - ndi njira choonadi ndi kuyeretsedwa ndi cholinga chachikulu ndi mphoto Muslim.