Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau. zozunzirako

Mwatsoka, kukumbukira zakale - yochepa yaitali chinthu. pasanathe zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Dziko Lonse, ndipo ambiri ali ndi lingaliro yosokoneza zimene Oswiecim, kapena Auschwitz, monga amatchedwa dziko. Komabe, momveka bwino kwambiri m'badwo umene unali ndi kukoma tinkadziwa Nazism, njala, misa kuwonongedwa ndi mmene akuya akhale kugwa abwino. Pamaziko a zikalata kuteteza mboni amene kudziŵa mwachindunji zomwe misasa ndende ya WWII, olemba mbiri amakono tsopano zikuchitika, ndiko kumene, sakhoza kukhala zochuluka. Awerenge chiwerengero cha akuvutika chifukwa cha Nazi makina infernal sikutheka kuwononga zikalata kunena za SS, ndi chabe alibe malipoti mokwanira kwa akufa ndiwobvulazidwa.

Auschwitz ndi chiyani?

Zovuta za nyumba yokonza akaidi a nkhondo, inamangidwa pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi langizo la SS Hitler mu 1939. Auschwitz ili kutali na Kraków. 90% ali m'bukuli anali Ayuda yosiyanasiyana. Enawo - akaidi Soviet a nkhondo, Poland, Majipise ndi mayiko ena, zimene zimachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene anaphedwa kapena kuzunzidwa anali padziko 200 zikwi.

Dzina wodzala m'ndendeyo - Auschwitz Birkenau. Auschwitz - dzina Polish, si zachilendo ntchito makamaka Soviet Union.

Mbiri ya m'ndendeyo. akaidi a nkhondo

Ngakhale Auschwitz ndi wotchuka ndi chiwonongeko Unyinji wa anthu wamba Ayuda, poyamba ankaganiza ochepa kwambiri kuposa.

Chifukwa Auschwitz anasankhidwa? Ichi ndi chifukwa malo yabwino. Choyamba, zinali m'malire, imene inatha ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler ndi Poland inayamba. Auschwitz inali imodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu malonda chinsinsi ndi njirazo omasuka ndi okhazikika bwino mayendedwe. Komano, mpaka kusuntha nkhalango anathandiza kubisa upandu anachita kumeneko m'maso kuwafunsa mafunso ochititsa manyazi.

The nyumba woyamba wa Nazi anamanga pa malo a nyumba asilikali Polish. Pakuti pomanga iwo ntchito molimbika-kumenya nawo Ayuda podnevole m'deralo. Poyamba anatumiza anthu olakwa German ndipo akaidi Polish ndale. Cholinga chachikulu cha m'ndendeyo anali incommunicado kumanga oopsa pothandiza anthu German ndi ntchito zawo. Akaidi kugwira ntchito masiku asanu ndi sabata, ndi Lamlungu anali mlungu.

Mu 1940, anthu akumeneko ankakhala pafupi m'chipindacho, anali mokakamiza anathamangitsidwa ndi ankhondo German kumanga pa gawo ukapolo wa nyumba ena, amene anali kenako nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo ndi kamera. Mu 1942 msasa wonse wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ndi olimba analimbitsa mpanda simenti, ndi waya pansi mkulu voteji panopa.

Komabe, zinthu zoterozo sikuti mwasiya akaidi ena kuthawa ngakhale milandu akhala yosowa kwambiri. Amene wakumana ndi maganizo amenewa, ankadziwa kuti aliyense pofuna akaidi awo onse adzawonongedwa.

Mofanana 1942 mu msonkhano NSDAP izo anamaliza kufunika zoopsa Ayuda ndi "njira lomaliza la funso Ayuda." Poyamba, anatchula Ayuda German ndipo Polish kuti Auschwitz ndiponso misasa ina German ndende ya WWII. Germany anagwirizana ndiye ndi mayiko kuchititsa "kuyeretsedwa" m'magawo awo.

Kuyenera munanena kuti si onse mosavuta kugwirizana izo. Mwachitsanzo, Denmark amene wakwanitsa adzapulumutsa anthu ake ku imfa. Pamene boma anauzidwa za "kusaka" anakonza SS, Denmark bungwe chinsinsi Ayuda anabwera boma ndale - Switzerland. Choncho, anapulumutsa anthu oposa 7000.

Komabe, mu ziwerengero wonse anaphedwa, kuzunzidwa ndi njala, kumenyedwa chogwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, matenda ndi zatsopano woipa mtima anthu okwana 7,000 - dontho mu nyanja ya magazi. Okwana asanabwere msasa uja anaphedwa ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu 1 miliyoni 4.

Mu zaka za m'ma 1944, pamene dziko la Germany anabweretsa nkhondo anapanga lakuthwa U-Nawonso SS anayesa kunyamula akaidi Auschwitz kumadzulo, m'misasa ina. Massively anawononga zikalata ndi umboni uliwonse wa kukaphedwa ankhanza. The Germany anawononga zipinda za mpweya ndi crematoria. Kumayambiriro 1945, chipani cha Nazi anali kumasula ambiri mwa akaidi. Amene sanathe kuthamanga ankafunanso kuwononga. Mwamwayi, chifukwa ukulu wa asilikali Soviet anali okhoza kupulumutsa akaidi zikwi zingapo, kuphatikizapo ana, amene adaperekeza zatsopano.

msasa kapangidwe

A okwana 3 lalikulu msasa zovuta nawo Auschwitz Birkenau-Auschwitz, Monowitz, ndi Auschwitz-1. Msasa woyamba ndi Birkenau anali kenako amaphatikizidwa ndi kuipidwa wa nyumba 20, nthawi zina apansi angapo.

Unit chakhumi si malo lomaliza mavuto oipa m'ndende. Pali zinachitikadi zatsopano zachipatala, makamaka kwa ana. Childs, izi "zatsopano" sanali kwambiri chidwi sayansi monga njira ina akuvutitsidwa wochenjera. Makamaka pakati pa nyumba anaima khumi wagawo, zinapangitsa lidzadabwitsa ngakhale alonda m'deralo. Panali malo wozunzikirapo ndi Kuphedwa, anatumiza apa kunyalanyaza kwambiri, podziona kuti ndi nkhanza ankhanza. Izo kuno zoyamba anayesera misa ndi kudzapeza ndi "aluso" chiwonongeko mwa "Zyklon B" poizoni.

Pakati midadada awiriwa anamanga mpanda kuti aphedwe, kumene mogwirizana ndi asayansi, anthu pafupifupi 20 zikwi anaphedwa.

Komanso ili pa malo zokoloweka ochepa ndi ng'anjo kwa woyaka akhala anaika. Kenako Anamanga zipinda gasi, likhoza kuwononga kwa anthu 6000 ndi tsiku.

akaidi kufika anagawanika ndi madokotala German kwa omwe amatha kugwira ntchito ndi anthu amene nthawi yomweyo anatumiza kwa imfa yawo mu chipinda mpweya. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kwa akazi ofooka olumala, ana ndi okalamba.

anapulumuka anali mu zinthu yochepetsetsa ali ndi chakudya pang'ono kapena ayi. Ena mwa iwo anakokera mtembo kapena kudula tsitsi, amene anayenda fakitale nsalu. Ngati anamaliza utumiki ofanana anatha kupulumuka masabata, ife kuchotsa izo ndi kutenga lina latsopano. Ena amagwa ndi "adalipo" gulu, ndipo anagwira ntchito kwa Anazi monga tailors ndi ometa.

Ayuda anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo anatilola kuti atenge palibe makilogalamu oposa 25 kulemera. Anthu anatenga chofunika kwambiri komanso ofunika. Zonse zinthu ndi ndalama zotsala akamwalira, anatumizidwa ku Germany. Pamaso katundu ankayenera kuti anawachotsa ndipo zosankhidwa zonse zamtengo wapatali kuposa akaidi nawo otchedwa "Canada." dzina umenewu wakhala malo zomwe zinkakhala "Canada" ankatchedwa mphatso zamtengo wapatali, zitumbuwa, wotumidwa kuchokera kunja kwa Zitsulo. Ntchito pa "Canada" anali ndi lililonse limatisokoneza kuposa wonse wa Auschwitz. Pali akazi ntchito. Mwa zinthu mungapeze chakudya, kotero kuti "Canada" akaidi sakuvutika njala. The SS sanazengereze pester atsikana okongola. Nthawi zambiri kuno nkhani ya kugwiririra.

The zatsopano choyamba ndi "Zyklon B"

Pambuyo pa msonkhano mu 1942 m'misasa ndende kuyambira kuwasandutsa makina, cholinga chimene ndi chiwonongeko chachikulu. Ndiye Anazi woyamba anayesedwa mphamvu ya chikoka "Zyklon B" pagulu.

"Zyklon B" - mankhwala, poizoni zochokera asidi hydrocyanic. Mu Izitu n'zovutitsa owawa, chida kupangidwa ndi wotchuka wasayansi Fritz Haber, Myuda amene anafa Switzerland chaka kubera Hitler mphamvu. achibale Haber anafa zozunzirako.

poizoni ankadziwika kuti zotsatira zake amphamvu. Zinali yabwino sitolo. Ntchito kupha nsabwe, "Zyklon B" analipo ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo. Tikumbukenso kuti mpweya "Zyklon B" ndi ntchito mu United States kuchita Kuphedwa.

The kuyesera woyamba ikuchitika Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz). Mu chipika khumi Anakaŵeta akaidi Soviet a nkhondo ndi mwa mabowo poizoni wodzazidwa. Pasanathe mphindi 15, uko kunali kulira kosaleka. Mlingo anali osakwanira kuti awononge zonse. Ndiye Anazi ankatigenda ndi mankhwala zambiri. Pa nthawi iyi ntchito.

njira analidi kwambiri. Nazi zozunzirako wa WWII ayamba mwakhama ntchito "Zyklon B", akuika ndi zipinda mpweya wapadera. Zikuoneka kuti kulenga mantha, ndipo mwina poopa Pobwezera, SS ananena kuti akaidi ayenera kutenga shawa. Komabe, ambiri mwa akaidi silinalinso chinsinsi ndi kuti "moyo" iwo konse kunja.

The vuto lalikulu kwa SS sanali kupha anthu, ndi ndiyotani pakuchotsa matupi. Poyamba, anakwiriridwa. njira imeneyi sanali kothandiza kwambiri. Pamene moto chonunkha chosaneneka. Manja akaidi a ku Germany anamanga nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo, koma kulira kosaleka kununkhiza zoopsa ndiponso zoopsa zinali ponseponse mu Auschwitz: zizindikiro za milandu ya ukulu umenewu ukhala wovuta kwambiri kubisala.

Terms wa SS msasa moyo

Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland) unali mudzi weniweni. Izo zonse zinali za moyo wa asilikali: chakudya ndi wochuluka chakudya chabwino, kokaonera mafilimu, zisudzo ndi zonse zabwino anthu a chipani cha Nazi. Pamene akaidi sanalandire ngakhale osachepera kuchuluka kwa chakudya (ambiri anafa mu sabata woyamba kapena wachiwiri cha njala), SS kosalekeza tikudya, akusangalala ndi moyo.

zozunzirako, makamaka Auschwitz, wakhala komwe zofunika pa utumiki wa msilikali German. Moyo apa anali bwino ndi otetezeka kusiyana ndi amene anamenya nawo East.

Komabe, panalibe malo akuononga lonse la umunthu kuposa Auschwitz. Yozunzirako - si malo ndi zili zabwino, kumene asilikali kupha anthu osalakwa si mantha, komanso ngakhale pang'ono chilango. Pali asilikali akanakhoza kutenga zonse zimene tikufuna ndi zomwe zinali zotheka kugwa. Auschwitz anadutsa yaikulu utuluke ndalama chifukwa chuma kubedwa kuti anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo anthu. Mlandu kunachitidwa mosasamala. Inde ndi mmene zinali zosatheka kuwerengetsa mmene ayenera kubwezeretsanso chuma, ngakhale chiwerengero cha akaidi ukubwera si n'komwe?

The SS sanazengereze ukatenge zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi ndalama. Ali kwambiri mowa mowa zambiri amapezeka pakati pa katundu wa anthu amene anaphedwa. Ambiri, ogwira ntchito ku Auschwitz sananene yekha kanthu, kutsogolera moyo m'malo ulesi.

Doctor Josef Mengele

Pambuyo Josef Mengele anavulazidwa mu 1943, iye ankaona osayenera kupitiriza utumiki wake ndipo anatumiza kwa dokotala mumsasa Auschwitz imfa. Apa iye anali ndi mwayi kuzindikira maganizo anu onse ndi nkhaniyi anali moona amisala, wankhanza ndi zokhumudwitsa.

Akuluakulu analamula Mengele akafuna kutulukira zinthu zosiyanasiyana Mwachitsanzo, pa kukhudzana ozizira kapena okwera pa anthu. Choncho, kuyesera zotsatira matenthedwe Joseph ntchito, obkladyvaya mkaidi kumbali zonse ndi ayezi, mpaka iye anafa hypothermia. Choncho kunapezeka, ndi kutentha thupi zimachitika zotsatira sizingasinthe ndi imfa.

Mengele ankakonda kuchita zinthu zatsopano pa ana, makamaka pa mapasa. Zotsatira za mayesero ake anali imfa pafupifupi 3 zikwi ana. Iye anachita kukakamizidwa kugonana reassignment opaleshoni, limba kupatsa, ikuchitika njira chowawa, kuyesa kusintha mtundu wa maso, kenako zinachititsa kuti khungu. Izi, mu maganizo ake, ndi chitsimikizo cha ndikosatheka "maonekedwe achirendo" kukhala Aryan woona.

Mu 1945, Joseph anathawa. Iye anawononga mbiri zonse zatsopano ake ndi opereka zikalata zabodza, anathawira ku Argentina. Iye anakhala ndi moyo chete popanda mavuto ndi kuponderezedwa ndiponso kukhala ndi kukupereka chilango.

Pamene ine anakomoka Auschwitz. Amene anamasula akaidi?

Kumayambiriro 1945, zinthu ku Germany zasintha. asilikali Union anayamba kuukira yogwira. SS anayenera kuyamba kuthawa, amene anadzatchedwa "imfa ulendo." akaidi 60 zikwi anauzidwa kuti apite ku West wapansi. Akaidi zikwizikwi anaphedwa pa msewu. Chokumana ndi njala ndi kosati akaidi ntchito anali kuyenda makilomita oposa 50. Onse amene lagged kumbuyo ndipo sanathe zambiri, kenako anawomberedwa. Mu Gliwice, kumene akaidi atafika, anatumizidwa ku ndende ndende m'galimoto katundu pa dera la Germany.

Kumasulidwa kwa zozunzirako, anali mapeto a January, pamene Auschwitz pali kokha pafupifupi 7,000 kudwala ndi kumwalira akaidi anasiya.

Moyo atamasulidwa

Kugonjetsa Fascism ndi kumasulidwa kwa m'misasa kupulula Auschwitz, mwatsoka, sanali chilango zonse za udindo nkhanza onse. Chinachitika mu Auschwitz sikuti wamagazi kwambiri, koma mmodzi wa upandu wogwiritsa mu mbiri ya anthu. % 10 okha pa anthu onse amene, mwachindunji kapena ayi, ntchito ya misa chiwonongeko cha anthu wamba, anayesedwa ndi chilango.

Ambiri mwa anthu okhala ndi moyo, osati kukutsutsani. Ena amanena za mabodza makina amene zoopsa chithunzi cha Myuda, ndi kulipanga chifukwa cha ndifotokoze mavuto onse a dziko la Germany. Ena amanena kuti malamulo ndi malangizo, ndi nkhondo palibe malo kuiganizira.

Koma opulumuka m'misasa imfa ya akaidi, ndiye, ngati, ndi ndikukhumba iwo sanalinso ofunikira. Komabe, anthu awa, monga ulamuliro, anasiya kudzisamalira okha. Nyumba ndi nyumba, komwe ankakhala kwa nthawi yaitali apatsidwa ena. Popanda chuma, mamembala ndalama, ndi banja amene anafa ndi makina Nazi imfa, ukufunika kuti adzapulumuke kachiwiri, ngakhale mu nthawi pambuyo nkhondo. Limodzi likhoza chidwi ndi mphamvu za chifuniro ndi mtima wa anthu amene anadutsa zozunzirako ndipo anatha kupulumuka iwo.

Auschwitz Museum

Pambuyo pa mapeto a nkhondo Auschwitz, msasa imfa, nalowa mndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage Site ndipo linali likulu la nyumbayi. Ngakhale otaya yaikulu alendo, pali nthawi zonse chete. Izi si m'nyumbayi imene chinachake zingakondweretse komanso kudabwa. Komabe, nkofunika kwambiri ndi zamtengo wapatali ngati kulira kosaleka omaliza amene aberedwa ndi kugwa makhalidwe abwino, pansi umene ndi wamphamvu kwambiri.

M'nyumbayi ndi lotseguka kwa onse, pakhomo ndi kwaulere. Alendo pali oongoka maulendo m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Mu Auschwitz-1, alendo akupemphedwa kuyang'ana asilikali ndi kusungiramo zinthu zina akaidi akufa amene anawalamula ndi amve German: ndi magalasi chipinda, mugs, nsapato ndi ngakhale tsitsi. Angathe kukaona nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo ndi khoma yowotcha, amene kubweretsa maluwa lero.

Pa makoma mukhoza kuona midadada zolemba kumanzere akaidi. M'zipinda za mpweya akali pa makoma kuda ngozi msomali, akufa mwa zowawa.

Only pano mukhoza kumva mantha zonse zimene zinkachitika, ndi kuona ndi maso anu mmene moyo ndi kukula kwa chiwonongeko.

The Nazi ntchito luso

Imodzi mwa ntchito otsutsiratu ulamuliro wa Nazi - "kachisi" Anne Frank. Buku lino makalata ndi nkhani mu masomphenya a nkhondo mtsikana wachiyuda amene, pamodzi ndi banja lake anali kupeza chitetezo Netherlands. Tsikulo kunachitidwa kuchokera mu 1942 mpaka 1944. Zolemba zayimitsidwa ndi August 1. masiku atatu pambuyo banja lonse ndi apolisi German.

Wina ntchito odziwika ndi "Likasa Schindler a". Iyi ndi nkhani ya mwini fakitale Oskar Schindler, amene, chogundidwa ndi zoopsa zikuchitika mu Germany, ndinaganiza kuchita zonse zotheka kuti apulumutse anthu osalakwa ndi watumiza zikwi za Ayuda Moravia.

Mu bukhu, anaponya filimu "List Schindler" limene walandira mphoto zambiri madyerero osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo 7 ma Oscar, ndi dera otsutsa lofunika.

Ndale ndi mfundo za Fascism zinachititsa kuti imodzi mwa ngozi zoopsa kwambiri anthu. dziko silikudziwa milandu yambiri umenewu misa, kuphana wogwiritsa la anthu osalakwali. Mbiri ya zolakwika zimene zinachititsa kuti kunabweretsa mavuto aakulu amene anakhudzidwa onse a ku Ulaya, ayenera kukhala kukumbukira anthu monga chizindikiro lowopsya la kodi sadzalola apamwamba.